Cardiac

Question 1

what covering tissue has most nerves?

Answer 1

parietal layer

Question 2

what kind of tissue makes up the endocardium?

Answer 2

simple squamous

Question 3

where does SVC drain from?

Answer 3

above the diaphragm

Question 4

where does IVC drain from?

Answer 4

below the diaphragm

Question 5

where does the coronary sinus drain from?

Answer 5

the heart itself

Question 6

what are the muscles in the ventricles called?

Answer 6

trabeculae carneae

Question 7

what are the muscles in the atria called?

Answer 7

pectinate

Question 8

what is the fibrous skeleton?

Answer 8

site for anchoring of cardiac muscle (base)
not electrically excitable
support for great vessels and valves

Question 9

what is endocardial cushion defect?

Answer 9

cardiac muscle doesn’t form properly and the fetus has mixed blood heart pumping

Question 10

what is the purpose of the auricles of the atria?

Answer 10

blood reservoir

Question 11

what is an interatrial septum?

Answer 11

fuses together after birth

Question 12

what is cristae terminales?

Answer 12

c-shaped ridge that separates the atria

Question 13

what is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 13

where the foramen ovale used to be (in between atria)

Question 14

what is the pressure in the RV?

Answer 14

25 mmHg

Question 15

what is the pressure in the RA and LA?

Answer 15

8 mmHg

Question 16

what is the most common congentical defect?

Answer 16

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Question 17

how does a VSD pt present?

Answer 17

high pitched murmur
bad peripheral tissue perfusion
congestive heart failure (the system gets disrupted)

Question 18

when do coronary arteries fill?

Answer 18

diastole

leaflets of aortic valve cover up the coronary arteries in systole

Question 19

what is the biggest cerebral artery?

Answer 19

middle cerebral

Question 20

what does coarctation mean?

Answer 20

narrowing

Question 21

what is tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 21

large VSD, stenosed pulmonary valve, aorta emerges from both ventricles, right ventricle hypertrophy due to stenosed pulmonary valve

Question 22

what is transposition of great vessels?

Answer 22

RV is connected to aorta and LV is connected to pulmonary trunk

Question 23

where do coronary arteries branch off?

Answer 23

ascending aorta

Question 24

where is AV node located?

Answer 24

above tricuspid valve in RA

Question 25

what is the resting potential for a myocardial cell?

Answer 25

-90 mV

Question 26

what inflows to myocardial cell when it plateaus?

Answer 26

K outflow and Ca inflow

Question 27

what is the third phase of myocardial cells excitation?

Answer 27

Ca channels close and K outflow continues

Question 28

why is the refractory period important in the heart?

Answer 28

you don't want the heart cells to fire at will (it lasts almost as long as the cardiac cell cycle)

Question 29

does the SA node have a resting phase?

Answer 29

no, it goes to -60 and then depolarizes again

Question 30

what type of junctions do cardiac cells have?

Answer 30

desmosomes and gap junctions

Question 31

what are imbedded in the plasma membrane?

Answer 31

Ca ion channels

Question 32

what is functional syncytia?

Answer 32

cardiac muscles contract as a unit or not at all | -gap junctions facilitate this

Question 33

what happens when myocardial tissue is infarcted?

Answer 33

troponin levels rise

Question 34

how much of the Ca comes from EC space?

Answer 34

20% | -opening of channels is triggered by opening of Na channels

Question 35

what sources of energy can the heart use to produce ATP?

Answer 35

glucose, fatty acids and lactic acid

Question 36

the rising phase of the action potential in the SA node is due to what?

Answer 36

the rapid entry of Calcium (NOT sodium)

Question 37

where are the cardiac centers located?

Answer 37

``` medulla oblongata (cardioacceleratory, cardioinhibitory) ```

Question 38

what affect does sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

Answer 38

increase both heart rate AND contractility

Question 39

what affect does parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

Answer 39

decreases heart rate HAS NOT IMPACT ON contractility

Question 40

which thoracic vertebrae innervate the heart?

Answer 40

T1-T5

Question 41

what does the P represent?

Answer 41

depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria (contraction of atria)

Question 42

what does the QRS complex represent?

Answer 42

depolarization from AV node to purkinje fibers followed by ventricular contraction

Question 43

what does the PR (PQ) interval represent?

Answer 43

delay between SA node and AV node

Question 44

what does the T wave represent?

Answer 44

ventricular repolarization

Question 45

what is 1st degree heart block?

Answer 45

prolonged PR interval

Question 46

what can cause a large R wave?

Answer 46

ventricular hypertrophy

Question 47

what does the QT interval represent?

Answer 47

beginning of ventricular depol through ventricular repol

Question 48

what does the ST segment represent?

Answer 48

myocardial ischemia, MI would show a big ST elevation

Question 49

how might T wave change with MI?

Answer 49

T wave inversion

Question 50

what is QT syndrome?

Answer 50

causes a dysrhythmia when provoked by certain medications

Question 51

what is inotropic?

Answer 51

having to do with contractility

Question 52

what is chronotropic?

Answer 52

having to do with rate of heart beat