Helminths

Question 1

2 classes of worms

Answer 1

flat

round - nematodes

Question 2

2 classes of flat worms

Answer 2

trematodes - flukes

cestodes - tapeworms

Question 3

diff between flukes and tapeworms?

Answer 3

flukes non-segmented

Question 4

6 ways helminths damage hosts

Answer 4

1. mechanical
2. resource competition - B12 and Fe
3. cytotoxicity
4. inflammation - granulomas
5. immune-mediated
6. malignant transformation - liver and blader CA

Question 5

what is cell mediated response to worms (2)

Answer 5

1. Th2 response for clearing worms

2. eosinophils needed to degranulae onto IgE coated worms

Question 6

3 macrophage reposnse to worms

Answer 6

1. kill larger parasites when activated with cytokines
2. ROS following phago
3. NO response

Question 7

what is humoral response to worms

Answer 7

1. necc to eliminate extracellula parasites

2. IgE released localizes eosinophils

Question 8

3 mechs. by which ABs kill worms

Answer 8

1. neutralize via attachment
2. opsinze for phag and complement
3. AB dependent cytotoxicity

Question 9

what major marker of worms

Answer 9

eosinophila and circulating IgE

Question 10

what helper polarization is necc. to elim worms

Answer 10

Th2

Question 11

2 most common ways to diagnose worms

Answer 11

1. direct exam
2. AB detection via serology
3. radiology a bit for big ones

Question 12

2 medical treaments of worms

Answer 12

1. anti-parasitics

2. plants- pumpkin seeds

Question 13

3 surg treatments

Answer 13

1. percut. drainage
2. endoscopic removal
3. surgical excision

Question 14

what is neurocysticercosis (NCC)

Answer 14

caused by larval stages of pork worm in the brain - most common cause of seizure in the world

Question 15

what are 2 different presentations of teania solium

Answer 15

eat pig - get normal gut worm

eat poo - get NCC

Question 16

3 stages of NCC

Answer 16

1. viable cyst - asymptmotic
2. dying - edema - cysterical granuloma
3. degenerated - get calcified scar

Question 17

4 ways to diagnose NCC

Answer 17

1. direct exam - biopsy - hard if in brain
2. host AB - serology
3. PCR
4. radiologic for cysts

Question 18

1 med and 1 surg treatment of NCC

Answer 18

med - azoles

surg - endo removal;

Question 19

what is cutaneous larvae migrans (CLM)

Answer 19

worm from cat and dog poo that foes in foot - itchy!

Question 20

diagnosis of CLM

Answer 20

direct exam

Question 21

treatment of CLM

Answer 21

azoles

Question 22

what is filarisis (loiasis)

Answer 22

worm from deer fly bite (loa loa)

Question 23

problem caused by loaisis

Answer 23

block of lymphatics -edema

- worm in eye

Question 24

diagnosis of loaisis - 5

Answer 24

1. direct exam - blood smear
2. antigen test
3. PCR
4. host AB detection
5. radiologic - of lymphs

Question 25

adv and dis of the host AB test

Answer 25

adv - senstitve and cheap | dis - highly cross reactive - not specific to particular

Question 26

2 med treatments

Answer 26

1. ABs | 2. azoles

Question 27

surgical treatment

Answer 27

pull out of eye