Flashcards in BB Lec - Current Trends Deck (54):
1
Creating RBCs in the laboratory
(blood pharming)
2
mechanism for forming O-type RBCs
The use of enzymes that remove the carbohydrate moieties of the A and B antigens
3
Current research on blood substitutes is focused on two areas:
hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and per- fluorocarbons (PFCs)
4
Originally developed to be used in trauma situations such as accidents, combat, and surgery,
RBC substitutes
5
are intimately involved in primary hemostasis,
Platelets
6
interaction of platelets and the vascular endothelium in halting and preventing bleeding following vascular injury.
hemostasis
7
cellular fragments derived from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes present in the bone marrow.
Platelets
8
They do not contain a nucleus
Platelets
9
platelet DNA found in__
mitochondria
10
average diameter of platelets
2 to 4 μm
11
normal plt count
150,000 to 350,000 per μL
12
how many days do PLT circulate
9-12 days
13
how much plt is sequestered in the microvasculature of the spleen as functional reserves.
30% of the platelets
14
Used to treat bleeding as associated with thrombocytopenia
PLT
15
Efficacy of transfused platelets: estimated from __
CORRECTED COUNT INCREMENT
16
CORRECTED COUNT INCREMENT estimates what of platelets?
Efficacy of transfused platelets:
17
measured after transfusion; does not evaluate or assess the function of the transfused plt
CCI
18
Transfused prophylactically to increase the circulating platelet count in hematology-oncology thrombocytopenic patients to prevent bleeding secondary to drug or radiation therapy
PLT
19
utilized in some instances to treat other disorders in w/c platelets are qualitatively or quantitatively defective because of genetic reasons
PLT
20
MAJOR PROBLEM whenplatelet transfusions were given as freshly drawn whole blood or platelet-rich plasma
circulatory overload
21
Today, platelets are prepared as (2)
concentrates from whole blood
by apheresis
22
The 2007 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey found that only ??% of platelet doses in the United States were whole blood derived (WBD).
17
23
still remain as the primary means of treating thrombocytopenia
Platelets
24
Storage limit of PLT
5 DAYS
25
The two main reasons for the 5-day shelf-life for platelets are
>bacterial contamination at incubation of 22°C
>loss of platelet quality during storage (known as the platelet storage lesion
26
loss of plt quality and viability
Plt storage lesion:
27
assoc with loss of membrane integrity
Absence of platelet swirling:
28
During the storage of PCs in plasma, the principal buffer is
bicarbonate
29
PLT routinely stored at what temp with continuous agitation (primarily flatbed and circular agitators for up to 5 days).
20°C to 24°C,
30
In the United States, platelets are being stored WHERE, unless a platelet additive solution is used.
in a 100% plasma medium
31
Initially, platelets were stored at ___, based on the successful storage of RBCs at this temperature range
1°C to 6°C
32
what happens to PLT when stored at 1-6C?
becomes spherical from discoid
33
loss of PLT shape at 1-6c is due to
microtubule assembly
34
a study by _______ showed that cold storage at 1°C to 6°C resulted in a marked reduction in platelet in vivo viability, manifested as a reduction in in vivo life span, after only 18 hours of storage. This study also identified for the first time that 20°C to 24°C (room temperature) should be the preferred range, based on viability results.
Murphy and Gardner
35
aside from the temp considerations, platelets must also be ___ during storage
agitated
36
has been shown to facilitate oxygen transfer into the platelet bag and oxygen consumption by the platelets.
agitation
37
what happens when pH was reduced from 6.8 to 6.2
platelets progressively changed shape from disks to spheres
38
The ___ being used for storage were identified as being responsible for the fall in pH because of their limiting gas transfer properties for oxygen and carbon dioxide
containers
39
1st generation containers
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing phthalate plasticizer
40
2nd gen containers
PVC or polyolefin plastic
41
For most PVC containers,_____ used to increase gas transport
alternative plasticizers
42
two alternative plasticizers
trimellitate & citrate based a
43
____ is determined by measuring pre-transfusion and post-transfusion platelet counts (1 hour and/or 24 hours) and expressing the difference based on the number of platelets transfused (corrected count increment)
Platelet viability
44
The observation of the ____ caused by discoid platelets when placed in front of a light source has been used to obtain a semi-qualitative evaluation of the retention of platelet viability properties in stored units
swirling phenomenon
45
indicates the capacity of platelets to circulate after infusion without premature removal or destruction.
Viability
46
Platelets have a life span of ??days after release from megakaryocytes.
8 to 10
47
is defined as the ability of viable platelets to respond to vascular damage in promoting hemostasis.
Function
48
The major concern associated with storage of platelets at 20°C to 24°C is the ?
potential for bacterial growth
48
Company developing the technology of blood typeconversion
ZymeQuest
49
Company awarded the contract to develop a system to produce O negative RBCs
Arteriocyte
50
Blood substitutes areas of research
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
51
How much platelet is discarded by blood supplier or hospital blood bank
Approx 30% of platelet inventory
52
Identified as being responsible for the fall of pH of PLT due to their limiting gas transfer properties for oxyen and carbon dioxide
Containers for storage
53