tissues Flashcards
1
Q
group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo
-function together carry out specialized activities
A
Tissue –
2
Q
composed mostly of cells with little extracellular material tightly packed together
- arranged in sheets and attached to a basement membrane
- avascular (not supplied by blood capillaries) and is nourished by diffusion from the capillaries of underlying connective tissues
A
Epithelial tissues –
3
Q
– lines blood vessels and air sacs of lungs; cardiovascular and lymphatic system
- permits exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases (O2 and CO2)
- flat, thin and scale-like; allows for rapid passage of substances through them
- function: diffusion
A
Simple squamous
4
Q
– lines kidney tubules and glands
- function: secretes and reabsorbs water and small molecules
- cubelike; may have microvilli at the apical (free) surface
- role of microvilli: increase surface area for absorption
A
Simple cuboidal
5
Q
- lines most digestive organs and the gallbladder
- absorbs nutrients and produces mucus
- contains columnar epithelial cells with microvilli and goblet cells
A
Simple columnar
6
Q
– appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface, but it is actually a simple epithelium because all its cells rest on its basement membrane
- pseudo because of varying positions of cells
- clue: all components are attached to a common basement membrane
A
Pseudostratified epithelium
7
Q
outer layer of skin (epidermis), mouth, vagina
-protects against absorption, drying out (desiccation), infection
A
stratified squamous
8
Q
lines ducts of sweat glands and male urethra
- secretes water and ions
- 2 or more layers
A
Stratified cuboidal
9
Q
lines epididymis, mammary glands, larynx
- secretes mucus
- part of the conjunctiva (thinnest skin) of the eye
A
Stratified columnar
10
Q
– appearance is variable
- cells change shape from squamous to cuboidal and back (like the urinary bladder)
- depends on the organ
- role of cilia: aid secretion and absorption of whatever substance
A
• Transitional Epithelium
11
Q
space/central part of cuboidal cells
A
Lumen –
12
Q
– unicellular gland, epithelial cell; its secretion is mucus (sole function) to protect the organ from cell digestion
-look like empty sac-like structures
A
Goblet cell
13
Q
forms brush border
A
microvilli
14
Q
– lines the tracheal airway
- not a true stratified tissue
- mucus produced by goblet cell traps dust and other debris, and the cilia propel the mucus upward and away from the lungs
- Location: lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, pharynx, auditory tubes, bronchi of the lungs
- “respiratory epithelium”
- function: secretes mucus and moves mucus and debris
A
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
15
Q
- highly specialized to contract or shorten, to produce movement
- muscle cells are elongated to provide a long axis for contraction hence, they are called muscle fibers
A
MUSCLE TISSUE
16
Q
- Excitability – ability to respond to stimuli
- Contractility - ability to shorten forcefully
- Extensibility – ability to stretch
- Elasticity - ability to resume resting length after contraction
- Tonicity - ability to maintain steady state of partial contraction
A
properties of muscle tissue
17
Q
contractile elements
- basic structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle
- segment between Z disks
A
sarcomere
18
Q
- receives stimuli from environment or from different organs
- transmits impulses to brain and spinal cord
- bring appropriate motor responses
A
nervous tissue
19
Q
properties of nervous tissue
A
irritability and conductivity
20
Q
elements of nervous tissue
A
neurons
neuroglia
21
Q
parts of neuron
A
cell body soma cyton perikaryon
processes
22
Q
type of neuron many processes -many dendrites one axon -starlike; fish eye -seen in the brain and spinal cord
A
multipolar
23
Q
type of neuron two processes -1 axon, 1 dendrite -sensory neurons of eyes, nose, ears -spindle shaped appearance of nerve cell
A
bipolar
24
Q
type of neuron – 1 process -only one axon -will branch and act as dendrite, the other as axon -owl’s eye
A
unipolar
25
- mainly composed of extracellular matrix of ground substance and protein fibers
- highly vascular except for cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
- consist of 2 basic elements: extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance) and cells
- cells are derived primarily from mesenchymal cells
Connective Tissues
26
- large, flat cells with branching processes
- secrete extracellular matrix
- true connective tissue cells
fibroblasts
27
– large, irregular –shaped with short blunt cytoplasmic processes
- develop from monocytes (a WBC type)
- capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris
- capable of phagocytosis; have pseudopods for engulfing
Macrophages
28
– many granules
- abundant basophilic cytoplasmic granules which obscure the nucleus
- produce histamine, chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of inflammatory response
- can bind, ingest, kill bacteria
Mast cells
29
have signet ring appearance; nucleus is on the side (like the ‘pendant’ of a ring)
-specialized for fat storage
adipocytes
30
cart-wheel or wall clock appearance
- develop from a type of WBC called B lymphocytes
- have characteristic clock face or cart wheel appearance around the nuclear envelope
- principle produces of antibodies
Plasma cells –
31
not found in significant numbers
| -migrate from blood into connective tissue in response to infection
WBC
32
- Component of umbilical cord (stem cells)
- Transient type that appears in normal development and differentiation of CT
- Consists of fibroblasts and collagen fibers with processes that appears to fuse with others
- Intercellular substance is abundant
- Soft, jelly-like and homogenous in fresh ppt
- Contains granular and fibrillar ppts when fixed
- Classic object of study is Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord
Mucuous CT
33
– has many spaces called areola
- most widely distributed
- soft, pliable tissue that cushions and protects the body organs it wraps
- fluid matrix contains cell types of fibers
- contains innumerable spaces called areola that provide reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissues (for emergency)
- when a body region is inflamed, the areolar tissue in the area soaks up the excess fluid like a sponge, and the area swells and becomes puffy, a condition called edema
- looks like a tissue paper, used to see CT
• Areolar CT
34
- ground substance is fluid & relatively scanty due to abundant fat cells
- large fat cells are closely packed into fat lobules
- large size of fat cell is due to the presence of lymphoid organs (tissue, appendix, spleen)
• Adipose CT
35
dark brown to black
- forms the framework or CT ______ of bone marrow, lymphoid organs and endocrine glands
- together with phagocytes of other tissue is collectively known as reticulo-endothelial –macrophage system
- concerned with defense system of the body
- consists of network of reticular fibers and cells
• Reticular CT –
36
differs from loose mainly in great abundance of fibers
dense CT
37
messy arrangement of fibers
- seen in those organs pulled in many directions
- skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage
- bottom skin of frog
• Dense Irregular CT –
38
Dense, firm but pliable
Has cells (chondrocytes – uniqueness: cavities), fibers (collagens and elastic fibers) and ground substance (chondromucoprotein)
Lacunae – cavities where chondrocytes are housed
Some enveloped by a fibrous tissue sheath called perichondrium
No nerve nor blood supply of its own (avascular) and lacks lymphatic
cartilage
39
• – with perichondrium, invisible fibers
- function: provide smooth surface for movement of joints, flexibility and support
- matrix is homogenous, clear and glasslike because matrix and the collagenous fiber have the same refractive index
- chondrocytes located in lacuna
- cells may be in singles or in groups called cell nest or isogenous group
- location: trachea, anterior ends of ribs, growing ends of limbs, pharynx
Hyaline
40
with perichondrium; branching fine fibers
- greater opacity, flexibility, elasticity
- permeated in all directions by branching elastic fibers
- location: external ears, auditory tubes, epiglottis
Elastic
41
• – no perichondrium
- transitional from between dense CT and cartilage
- chondrocytes are linearly arranged in between bundles of collagenous fibers
- with dense network of anastomosing bundles of collagenous fibers
- location: pubic symphysis, invertebral discs mandibular joints
Fibrocartilage
42
harder than cartilage, rigid
| -calcified matrix
4. Bone/Osseous Tissue –
43
basic unit of compact bone
Osteon or Haversian System –
44
– small spaces between lamellae that contain the mature bone cells (chondrocytes/osteocytes)
Lacunae
45
network of minute canals that extend from the H canal to the lacunae and from one lacuna to another
-for the exchange of metabolic wastes
Canaliculi
46
- contains large spaces and in which the extracellular matrix is arranged as little beans called traveculae
- make up the ends of the bones/ in the epiphysis
Spongy /Cancellous
47
* channels of communication in compact bone
Volkmann’s canals –
48
liquid matrix which bathes the cells; does not clot because of anticoagulant
plasma
49
– liquid portion of clotted blood
serum
50
exhibit rouleaux formation because edges are sticky causing them to adhere to each other
- oxygen carrier (made possible by hgb)
- mature human ___ are non-motile, biconcave discs
rbc
51
not actually cells but fragments of megakaryocytes
- refractive irregularly shaped cells
- function: blood clotting
Platelets/ Thrombocytes
52
```
Attached to bone
Striated
Cylindrical; not branched
Multinucleated; nuclei at the sides or periphery
Rapid, forceful, not sustained
Voluntary
```
skeletal muscle
53
Seen in walls of the heart
Striated
Cylindrical but branched
Mono or binucleated; nucleus at the center
Autorhythmicity
Branched
Presence of intercalated discs (dark and thick lines)
Involuntary
cardiac
54
Seen in visceral or excretory organs
Non-striated
Spindle shaped (thick at the center); tapered
Mononucleated; nucleus at the center
Slow and sustained
Involuntary
visceral
55
made up of ECM packed with collagenous fibers
arranged in orderly manner
strong rope like structures
includes tendons and ligaments
denser regular CT
55
Most abundant primary tissue in the body
CT
55
Most abundant primary tissue in the body
CT
56
Form the ecm of loose CT
Fibroblast
56
Form the ecm of loose CT
Fibroblast
57
Form the ecm of cartilage
Chondroblasys
57
Form the ecm of cartilage
Chondroblasys
58
Form the ecm of bones
Osteoblasts
58
Form the ecm of bones
Osteoblasts
59
Most abundant type of CT
Areolar
59
Most abundant type of CT
Areolar
60
Forma the stroma in lymphoid organs
Reticular
60
Forma the stroma in lymphoid organs
Reticular
61
Adipocytes are Found in groups called ---- separated by ----
Adipose lobules
| Trabeculae
61
Adipocytes are Found in groups called ---- separated by ----
Adipose lobules
| Trabeculae
62
Responsible for the tensile strength of cartilahe
Collagenous
62
Responsible for the tensile strength of cartilahe
Collagenous
63
Responsible for the resiliency of cartilage
Gelatinous ground substance
63
Responsible for the resiliency of cartilage
Gelatinous ground substance
64
When chondroblasts secrete fibers and ground substance they become trapped in ----- and become -----
Lacuna
| Chondrocytes
64
When chondroblasts secrete fibers and ground substance they become trapped in ----- and become -----
Lacuna
| Chondrocytes
65
How are chondrocytes nourished?
Diffusion from underlying vascular tissues
65
How are chondrocytes nourished?
Diffusion from underlying vascular tissues
66
Predominant cartilahe in the body
Hyaline
66
Predominant cartilahe in the body
Hyaline
67
Precursor of most bones
Hyaline
67
Precursor of most bones
Hyaline
68
Not visible in stained preparations because?
Fibers and matrix have same refractive index
68
Not visible in stained preparations because?
Fibers and matrix have same refractive index
69
Chondrocytes may appear in isogenous groups of cells called
Cell nests
69
Chondrocytes may appear in isogenous groups of cells called
Cell nests
70
Weakest cartilahe
Hyaline
70
Weakest cartilahe
Hyaline
71
Provides strength and elasticity
Elastic cartilahe
71
Provides strength and elasticity
Elastic cartilahe
72
Collagenous bundles are densely packed and arranged in a herringbone pattern
Fibrocartilage
72
Collagenous bundles are densely packed and arranged in a herringbone pattern
Fibrocartilage
73
Provides strength and rigidity
Fibrocartilage
73
Provides strength and rigidity
Fibrocartilage
74
Compact and spongy bone can be differentiates by
amount and sizes of space present
74
Compact and spongy bone can be differentiates by
amount and sizes of space present
75
Dark bands where cardiac muscles connect end to end
| Thus promoting adhesion of cells
Cardia muscle tissues
75
Dark bands where cardiac muscles connect end to end
| Thus promoting adhesion of cells
Cardia muscle tissues
76
What consists intercalated disks
Gap junctions
76
What consists intercalated disks
Gap junctions
77
Facilitates passage of ions from cell to cell resulting in rapid conduction of electrical impulses across the heart
Cardiac muscle tissue
77
Facilitates passage of ions from cell to cell resulting in rapid conduction of electrical impulses across the heart
Cardiac muscle tissue
