deck_2562778

Question 1

attached toeither the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer

Answer 1

peripheral, or extrinsic, proteins

Question 2

suggests that the plasma membrane is neither rigid norstatic in structure but is highly flexible and can change its shapeand composition through time

Answer 2

fluid mosaic model

Question 3

protein molecules, penetratedeeply into the lipid bilayer,

Answer 3

integral, or intrinsic, proteins,

Question 4

movement of solutes from an area of higher soluteconcentration to an area of lower solute concentration

Answer 4

diffusion

Question 5

results when a partition containing small holes isplaced in a stream of moving liquid

Answer 5

filtration

Question 6

the processby which transport proteins mediate, or assist in, the movementof large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged moleculesor ions across the plasma membrane.

Answer 6

mediated transport

Question 7

literally means cell-eating( figure 3.23 ) and applies to endocytosis when solid particles areingested and phagocytic vesicles are formed.

Answer 7

phagocytosis

Question 8

internalization of substances,includes both phagocytosis and pinocytosis and refers to theuptake of material through the plasma membrane by the formationof a vesicle.

Answer 8

endocytosis

Question 9

involves the active transport of an ion,such as sodium, out of a cell, establishing a concentration gradient,with a higher concentration of the ions outside the cell

Answer 9

secondary active transport

Question 10

Thesesecretory vesicles then move to the plasma membrane, where themembrane of the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and thecontent of the vesicle is expelled from the cell.

Answer 10

exocytosis

Question 11

– charge difference across the plasma membrane caused by the regulation of ion movement by cells-outside of plasma membrane is positively charged

Answer 11

Membrane potential

Question 12

surrounds the heart-contains pericardial fluid-located between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

Answer 12

pericardial cavity

Question 13

surrounds each lung, which is covered by visceral pleura- lies between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura and contains pleural fluid

Answer 13

pleural cavity

Question 14

limits the movement of phospholipids, providing stability to the plasma membrane

Answer 14

cholesterol

Question 15

cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify one another or other molecules

Answer 15

marker molecules

Question 16

allow cells to attach to other cells or to extracellular molecules

Answer 16

attachment proteins

Question 17

integral proteins that allow ions or molecules to move from one side of the plasma membrane to the other

Answer 17

transport proteins

Question 18

one or more integral proteins arranged so that they form a tiny channel through the plasma membrane

Answer 18

transport proteins

Question 19

channel proteins that are always openresponsible for the permeability of the plasma membrane to ions when the plasma membrane is at rest

Answer 19

non-gated ion channel

Question 20

channel proteins that can be open or closed

Answer 20

gated ion channel

Question 21

open or close in response to chemical signals or ligands ( small molecules that bind to the proteins or glycoprotein)receptor on the surfacerequires a ligand (a chemical like acetycholine)

Answer 21

ligand-gated ion channel

Question 22

open or close when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane.-muscles or nerves

Answer 22

voltage-gated ion channel

Question 23

integral membrane proteins that move ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other-have specific binding sites to which ions or molecules attach on one side of the plasma membrane-change shape to move the bound ions or molecules to the other side of the plasma membrane, where they are released

Answer 23

Carrier proteins or transporters

Question 24

transmembrane proteins that are not really open, but can flip-They do not have a channel-transport non-lipid soluble substances

Answer 24

Transporters

Question 25

the movement of one specific ion or molecule across the membrane

Answer 25

uniport

Question 26

movement of two different ions or molecules in the same direction across the plasma membrane  

Answer 26

Symport/ Cotransport- 

Question 27

 movement of two different ions or molecules in opposite directions across the plasma membrane 

Answer 27

Antiport - 

Question 28

transport proteins that move specific ions and molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other-movement is fueled by ATP breakdown

Answer 28

ATP powered pumps

Question 29

proteins or glycoproteins in the plasma membrane with an exposed receptor site on the outer cell surface, which can attach to specific chemical signals

Answer 29

Receptor proteins - 

Question 30

catalyze chemical reactions on either the inner or the outer surface of the plasma membrane

Answer 30

Enzymes – 

Question 31

is a carrier-mediated or channel-mediated process that moves substances into or out of cells from a higher to a lower concentration

Answer 31

Facilitated diffusion 

Question 32

Outer boundary of cells that controls entry and exit ofsubstances; receptor molecules function in intercellularcommunication; marker molecules enable cells torecognize one another

Answer 32

Plasma membrane

Question 33

Lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterolwith proteins that extend across or are embedded in eithersurface of the lipid bilayer

Answer 33

plasma membrane

Question 34

Support the cytoplasm and form centrioles, spindle fibers,cilia, and flagella; responsible for movement of structuresin the cell

Answer 34

microtubules

Question 35

Provide structural support to cells, support microvilli,responsible for cell movements

Answer 35

actin filaments

Question 36

time between cell divisions. DNA isfound as thin threads of chromatin in the nucleus. DNAreplication occurs during the ___________Organelles, other than the nucleus, and centriolesduplicate during interphase.

Answer 36

InterphaseS phase

Question 37

chromatin condenses intochromosomes. Each chromosome consists of twochromatids joined at the centromere. The centriolesmove to the opposite ends of the cell, and the nucleolusand the nuclear envelope disappear. Microtubules formnear the centrioles and project in all directions. Some ofthe microtubules end blindly and are called astral fibers.Others, known as spindle fibers, project toward aninvisible line called the equator and overlap with fibersfrom opposite centrioles.

Answer 37

prophase

Question 38

the chromosomes align in the center ofthe cell in association with the spindle fibers. Somespindle fibers are attached to kinetochores in thecentromere of each chromosome.

Answer 38

Metaphase

Question 39

chromatids separate, and eachchromatid is then referred to as a chromosome. Thus,when the centromeres divide, the chromosome numberis double, and there are two identical sets ofchromosomes. The chromosomes, assisted by thespindle fibers, move toward the centrioles at each end ofthe cell. 

Answer 39

anaphase

Question 40

 migration of each set of chromosomes iscomplete. The chromosomes unravel to become lessdistinct chromatin threads. The nuclear envelope formsfrom the endoplasmic reticulum. The nucleoli form, andcytokinesis continues to form two cells.

Answer 40

telophase,

Question 41

division of the cytoplasm ofthe cell to produce two new cells.

Answer 41

cytokinesis

Question 42

the division of the nucleus into two nuclei,each of which has the same amount and type of DNA as the originalnucleus.

Answer 42

Mitosis 

Question 43

s the process by which two new strands of DNAare made, using the two existing strands as templates

Answer 43

DNA replication i

Question 44

s a somewhat rounded, denseregion within the nucleus that lacks a surrounding membrane

Answer 44

A nucleolus 

Question 45

the sites of protein synthesisEach is composed of a large subunit and a smaller one

Answer 45

ribosomes

Question 46

The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous witha series of membranes distributed throughout the cytoplasm ofthe cell called

Answer 46

ER

Question 47

The interior spacesof those sacs and tubules of ER are called and areisolated from the rest of the cytoplasm.

Answer 47

cisternae

Question 48

composed of flattened,membranous sacs, containing cisternae, that are stacked on each other, like dinner platesa packaging and distribution center because it modifies,packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula

Answer 48

GA

Question 49

are membrane-bound vesicles that pinchoff from the Golgi apparatus (see figure 3.33 ). They contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that function as intracellular digestion systems

Answer 49

Lysosomes

Question 50

digest the organelles of the cell that are no longer functional ina process called autophagia

Answer 50

lysosomes

Question 51

are membrane-bound vesicles that are smaller than lysosomes.contain enzymesthat break down fatty acids and amino acids.hydrogen peroxide which can be toxic to the cell, is a by-product of that breakdown.

Answer 51

Peroxisomes 

Question 52

consist of large protein complexes,including several enzymes that break down and recycle proteinswithin the cell. are not surrounded by membranes. Theyare tunnel-like structures,

Answer 52

proteasomes

Question 53

which is the substancelocated in the space formed by the inner membrane of mitochondria

Answer 53

matrix

Question 54

specialized zone of cytoplasmclose to the nucleus, is the center of microtubule formation.

Answer 54

centrosome

Question 55

consists of a fluid portion, a cytoskeleton, andcytoplasmic inclusions.

Answer 55

cytosol

Question 56

 supports the cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in place. It is also responsible for cell movements, such as changes in cell shape and the movement of cell organelles.

Answer 56

The cytoskeleton

Question 57

 is the study of the structural changesthat occur between conception and adulthood.

Answer 57

Developmental anatomy

Question 58

 is the study of the external form of the bodyand its relation to deeper structures.

Answer 58

Surface anatomy

Question 59

 uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI), and other technologies to create picturesof internal structures (

Answer 59

Anatomicalimaging

Question 60

study of structures that can be examinedwithout the aid of a microscope

Answer 60

Gross Anatomy

Question 61

 is the condition in which the parts of an organismhave specific relationships to each other and the parts interactto perform specific functions.

Answer 61

Organization

Question 62

is all of the chemical reactionstaking place in an organism. It includes an organism ’s ability tobreak down food molecules, which it uses as a source of energyand raw materials to synthesize its own molecules.

Answer 62

METABOLISM

Question 63

organism ’s ability to sense changesin its external or internal environment and adjust to thosechanges.

Answer 63

RESPONSIVENESS

Question 64

 happens when cells increase in size or number, whichproduces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism.

Answer 64

Growth

Question 65

 includes the changes an organism undergoesthrough time; it begins with fertilization and ends at death.

Answer 65

Development

Question 66

 is change incell structure and function from generalized to specialized, andmorphogenesis

Answer 66

Differentiation

Question 67

is change in the shape of tissues,organs, and the entire organism.

Answer 67

morphogenesis

Question 68

Component of negative f mechanism which monitors the value of a variable

Answer 68

receptor 

Question 69

negative-feedback mechanisms have three components: which receives information about the variable fromthe receptor,

Answer 69

control center

Question 70

negative f mechanism component which produces responses that change the valueof the variable.

Answer 70

effector

Question 71

refers to a person standing erect withthe face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, andthe palms of the hands facing forward

Answer 71

anatomical position

Question 72

body cavity– surrounded by the rib cage-separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm- divided into right and left parts by a median partition called the mediastinum (middle wall)

Answer 72

Thoracic cavity 

Question 73

contains the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the esophagus, and other structures, such as blood vessels and nerves 

Answer 73

mediastinum

Question 74

 -enclosed by the abdominal muscles-contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys. 

Answer 74

Abdominal cavity 

Question 75

 encased by pelvic bones-where the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs are housed

Answer 75

Pelvic cavity –

Question 76

cover the organs of the trunk cavities and line the trunk cavities 

Answer 76

Serous membranes - 

Question 77

parts of peritoneum that hold abdominal organs in place-provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs 

Answer 77

Mesenteries – 

Question 78

 organs  found behind parietal peritoneum

Answer 78

Retroperitoneal organs

Question 79

changes in function, and in structure, caused by exercise.

Answer 79

exercise physiology

Question 80

water channel proteins, increase membranepermeability to water in some cell types, such as kidney cells

Answer 80

aquaporins

Question 81

is a mediated transport process that requiresenergy provided by ATP (

Answer 81

Active transport 

Question 82

means cell-drinking and is distinguishedfrom phagocytosis in that smaller vesicles are formed,

Answer 82

Pinocytosis 

Question 83

oxygen carbon dioxide and lipidstype of membrane transport mechanism

Answer 83

diffusion

Question 84

water moves from intestines to bloodtype of membrane transport mechanism

Answer 84

osmosis

Question 85

filtration in the kidneys allows removal of wastes materials in the bloodtype of membrane transport mechanism

Answer 85

filtration

Question 86

glucose moves into muscle and fat cells through

Answer 86

facilitated diffusion

Question 87

ions such as sodium calcium and potassium type of membrane transport mechanism

Answer 87

active transport

Question 88

Phagocytes ingest bacteriatype of membrane transport mechanism

Answer 88

endocytosis

Question 89

Digestive enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, andglandular secretions are transported, and cell wasteproducts are eliminated.type of membrane transport mechanism

Answer 89

exocytosis

Question 90

There is a concentration gradient for Na into intestinal epithelial cells. This gradient provides the energy for the symport of glucose. As Na enter the cell, down their concentrationfacilitated diffusion, glucose also enters the cell. In many cells, H are moved in the opposite direction of Na (antiport).type of membrane transport mechanism

Answer 90

secondary active transport

Question 90

Genetic disorder that affects active transport of Cl into cells

Answer 90

Cystic fibrosis

Question 91

Diffusing substance moves in the same direction as the transported substance

Answer 91

Cotransport

Question 92

Diffusing substance moves in the opposite direction as the transported substance

Answer 92

Countertransport

Question 93

When a specific substance binds to ther receptor molecule, endocytosis is triggered

Answer 93

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 94

Membrane bound sacs that accumulate materials for release from the cell

Answer 94

Secretory vesicles

Question 95

Subunits of ribosomes formed in the

Answer 95

Nucleoli

Question 96

Subunits of ribosomes leave the nucleoli through

Answer 96

Nuclear pores

Question 97

GA highly developed in cells that secrete

Answer 97

Protein