Flashcards in endocrine glands Deck (68):
1
– stimulates growth of bones, muscles and organs by increasing gene expression
GH
2
-resists protein breakdown and favor fat breakdown during periods of starvation
GH
3
↓GH, young person, small but normally proportioned
PITUITARY DWARF
4
- ↑GH present before bones finish growing in length
-exaggerated bone growth
-abnormally tall
GIANTISM
5
↑GH after completion of bone growth in length
-abnormally large facial features and hands
GIANTISM
6
PERIODS OF INCREASED GH SECRETION
↑GH after completion of bone growth in length
-abnormally large facial features and hands
7
somatomedins
-influences part of the effect of GH
-similar in structures to insulin and can bind to insulin receptors
-secretion from tissues is increased by GH
insulin-like growth factors
8
-binds to MBR on cells in cortex of adrenal glands
-increases the secretion of cortisol/hydrocortisone
-required to keep adrenal cortex from degenerating
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
9
-bind to melanocytes in skin and increase skin pigmentation
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
10
– bind to MBR on cells of gonads
-regulate growth, development, and functioning of gonads
Gonadotropins
11
cause the ovulation of oocytes and secretion of estrogen and progesterone
luteinizing hormone
12
-stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone
Interstitial Cell-stimulating hormone
13
stimulates development of follicles in ovaries and sperm cells
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) –
14
binds to MBR in cells of breast
-helps promote development of breast during pregnancy
prolactin
15
-stimulates the production of milk following pregnancy
prolactin
16
binds to MBR on melanocytes
-causes MBR on melanocytes to synthesize melanin
-structure is similar to ACTH
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
17
-increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules (result: less water lost as urine)
-causes blood vessels to constrict
ADH VASOPRESSIN
18
– caused by lack of ADH secretion
-production of large amount of dilute urine
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
19
causes contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus
-causes milk letdown from breasts of lactating women
OXYTOCIN
20
-made up of 2 lobes connected by isthmus
-lobes are located on each side of trachea
-one of the largest endocrine glands
-appears more red because it is highly vascular
-surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
THYROID GLAND
21
secrete hormone calcitonin
C Cells or parafollicular cells
22
enlargement of thyroid gland
-excess TSH
GOITER
23
– lack of thyroid hormones
HYPOTHYROIDISIM
24
– hypothyroidism in infants
-mental retardation, short stature, abnormally formed skeletal structure
cretinism
25
hypothyroidism in adults
-decreased metabolic rate, sluggishness, reduced ability to perform routine tasks
myxedema
26
elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion
-metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, chronic fatigue
hyperthyroidism
27
• Graves disease – results when immune system produces abnormal proteins that are similar in structure and function to TSH
-often accompanied by exophthalmia (bulging of eyes)
graves disease
28
required to synthesize thyroid hormones
-taken up by thyroid follicles
IODINE
29
secreted if blood concentration of Ca becomes too high
-binds to MBR of osteoclasts and reduces rate of Ca resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts
Calcitonin
30
-embedded in posterior wall of the thyroid gland
-secrete parathyroid hormone
PARATHYROID GLANDS
31
Binds to MBR of renal tubule cells – increases active vitamin D formation (Vit D – increase Ca absorption)
Parathyroid Hormone
32
Binds to receptors on osteoblasts, increase osteoclast activity, cause resorption of bone tissue, release of Ca
Parathyroid Hormone
33
Binds to receptors on renal tubules – decreases rate at which Ca is lost in urine
Parathyroid Hormone
34
Acts on target tissues to raise blood Ca levels to normal
Parathyroid Hormone
35
abnormally high rate of PTH secretion
hyperparathyroidism
36
-increase in bone resorption and elevated blood Ca levels
-bones become soft, deformed, easily fractured
-nerve and muscle cells are less excitable = fatigue and muscle weakness
hyperparathyroidism
37
– abnormally low rate of PTH secretion
hypoparathyroidism
38
-low levels of Ca, decrease bone resorption
-nerve and muscle cells are more excitable = muscle cramps or tetanus = severe tetanus = breathing stops
hypoparathyroidism
39
fight-or-flight hormones
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
40
type of steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex
helps regulate blood volume and blood levels of K and Na
Mineralocorticoids
41
-binds to receptor molecules in kidneys
-affects intestine, sweat glands, salivary glands
-causes Na and H2O to be retained in the body
-increases the rate at which K is eliminated
aldosterone
42
release is caused by low blood pressure
renin
43
causes smooth muscle in blood vessels to constrict
-acts on adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion
Angiotensin II
44
class of steroid hormone of adrenal cortex
helps regulate blood nutrient levels
-major hormone: cortisol
Glucocorticoids
45
– increases fat and protein breakdown
-increases fat and protein conversion to usable forms of energy
-causes proteins to be broken down to amino acids
-reduces inflammatory and immune responses
-secreted in large amounts in response to stressful conditions so it aids the body by providing energy sources for tissues
CORTISOL
46
reduces inflammation cause by injuries
-reduces immune and inflammatory responses resulting from allergic reactions or abnormal responses
CORTISONE
47
– regulate secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex
ACTH
48
– stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics
ANDROGENS
49
secrete insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells) which help regulate blood levels of nutrients
PANCREATIC ISLETS
50
nervous system’s main source of energy
glucose
51
– reduced pH of body fluids below normal condition
-result of low blood glucose levels, which causes the breakdown of fats, which causes the release of fatty acids and ketones
acidosis
52
– respond to elevated blood glucose levels and increased parasympathetic stimulation associated with digestion of a meal
-respond to blood levels of certain amino acids
insulin
53
-binds to MBR receptors and increases the rate of glucose and amino acid uptake
-glucose is converted to glycogen or fat, amino acid to protein
insulin
54
– too little insulin secreted
-tissues cannot take up glucose effectively
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
55
too much insulin present, no glucose, brain malfunctions (no energy source)
-causes disorientation, convulsions, loss of consciousness
Insulin shock
56
– insufficient numbers of insulin receptors on target cells
-defective receptors
Type 2 Diabetus Mellitus
57
– released from alpha cells when blood glucose are low
-binds to MBR in liver, causing glycogen → glucose
Glucagon
58
male sex hormone, secreted by testes
-growth and development of male reproductive structures, muscle enlargement, growth of body hair, etc
Testosterone –
59
– development and function of female reproductive structures
-enlargement of breasts and distribution of fat
-menstrual cycle
Estrogen & Progesterone
60
stimulate secretion of hormones from ovaries and testes
-also has a negative feedback
LH & FSH –
61
-upper part of thoracic cavity
-important in the function of immune system
-secretes thymosin
-most important early in life
Thymus
62
aids the development of T cells (WBC)
thymosin
63
help protect body against infection
T cells –
64
-small, pine-cone shaped structure
-located superior and posterior to the thalamus
-produces melatonin
PINEAL GLAND
65
– function as intercellular signals, widely distributed throughout the body
-not transported long distances
-cause contraction and relaxation of different smooth muscles
-used medically to initiate abortion
-inflammation: released by damaged tissues and cause blood vessel dilation, localized swelling, pain
-necessary for normal blood clotting
prostaglandins
66
secreted by kidneys
-respond to reduced O2 levels in kidney
-acts on bone marrow to increase production of RBC
Erythropoietin
67
– similar in structure and function to LH
Human chorionic gonadotropin
68