connective tissue - histo lec Flashcards by Carmina Mislang

middle layer of embryo

Mesoderm:

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: embryonic tissue

> stem tissue (point of origin) of all connective tissues

Mesenchyme

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composition of ECM

GROUND SUBSTANCE

FIBERS: elongated polymerized proteins

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colorless and transparent gel-like material

Ground substance

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elongated polymerized proteins

GS component

FIBERS:

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Major component of GS

glycosaminoglycogens (GAGs)

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component of ECM that

as lubricant
helps prevents invasion of tissues by foreign agents
resists forces of compression

ground substance

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composition of GS (3)

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

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Major GAGs (4)

Chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin sulfate, hyaluronic acid

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made of multiadhesive proteins (fibronectin, integrins,laminin)

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multiadhesive proteins that form the GS

Fibronectin, integrins,laminin

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FUNCTION OF multiadhesive proteins that form the GS

bind cells to fibers of CT

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multi-adhesive protein of GS

binding sites: cells, collagen fibers
connects components of CT, attachment to cells

Fibronectin

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multi-adhesive protein of GS
binding sites for cell membranes
-with collagen and entactinforms basal lamina

Laminin-

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multi-adhesive protein of GS
–integral proteins of plasma membranes
-bind directly to collagen fibers

Integrins

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Three Main Types OF FIBERS

Collagen
Reticular
Elastic

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Types OF FIBERS

>most abundant fibrous protein; large fibers

Collagen

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color of collagen in H&E stain

pink

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color of collagen in Mallory’s trichrome

blue

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color of collagen in Masson’s stain

green

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type of fiber

great tensile strength (promote flexibility and strength)

collagen

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made up of 3polypeptide chains in helix & cross-linked

tropocollagen

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type of fiber

Not a single entity

collagen

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there are _ types of collagen

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–most common types of collagen; interstitial collagen

type I, type II, type III

Families of collagen: a. fibrillar collagen – e. other collagens –

types I, II, III, V, XI

Families of collagen: | b. facit collagen –

(fibril-associated collagen with interrupted triple helix) types IX, XII, XIV

Families of collagen: | c. short-chain collagens –

type VIII, X

Families of collagen: | d. basement membrane collagen –

type IV

families of collagen | e. other collagens –

rest of the collagen types

Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function > Collagen Fibers: tendons, organs, and dermis

Collagens that form long Fibrils

Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function > short structures; bind to surface of collagen fibrils

Fibril Associated Collagens

Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function >Type VII: anchoring collagen > bind basal lamina to reticular fibers

Collagens that form Anchoring Fibrils

Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function > Type IV Collagen: major structural component of the basal lamina

Collagen that form Networks

type of fiber thinner and intermediate fibers made up of elastin and fibrillin

elastic fibers

component of elastic fibers organize secreted elastininto distinct elastic fibers

fibrillin–

component of elastic fibers | hydrophobic, rubber-like glycoprotein main component of elastic fibers

elastin

stain used for elastic fibers

resorcin-fuchsin stain

component of elastic fibers form loose network > branching fibers for stretch and recoil

elastic fibers

elastic fibers | may be stretched up to __ of their resting length

150%

type of fibers interspersed with collagen > seen in smooth muscle walls of elastic arteries, alveolar septa of the lungs

elastic fibers

type of fibers | > consists mainly of collagen TYPE III

reticular

``` type of fibers extremely thin (0.5-2.0 μm) > forms networks of very thin ```

reticular

type of fibers | >abundant in parenchymal cells of organs and hematopoietic organs

reticular

type of fibers stain black with silver salts (not seen in H&E)

reticular

type of fibers | a.k.a. argyrophilic fibers

reticular

CT Cells > cells that do not migrateand remain in the connective tissues >fibroblast, pericytes, adipose cells, mast cells

Fixed Cells

CT Cells > remain temporarily in connective tissue > use blood and lymph vascular system to relocate to regions of connective tissue > macrophages, plasma cells, leukocytes

2. Transient Cells

Fixed CT Cells | most common; synthesis and secretion of collagen fibers and ground substance of CT

fibroblast

Fixed CT Cells | Fusiform, tapering on both ends, Possess an oval nucleus

fibroblast

TYPE OF FIBROBLAST –spindle-shaped, well developed RER and GA during matrix production.Myosin throughout the cytoplasm, actin and α-actininon the periphery (muscle contraction)

Active fibroblast

TYPE OF FIBROBLAST | –functions in wound contraction.

myofibroblast

TYPE OF FIBROBLAST | smaller, reduced RER, GA. Ribosomes abundant

Inactive fibroblast

Fixed CT Cells: | May give rise to fibroblast, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells on injury

Pericytes

Fixed CT Cells: | Possess characteristics of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells

Pericytes

Fixed CT Cells: | Smaller than fibroblast

Pericytes

Fixed CT Cells: | along capillaries lying in their own basal lamina

Pericytes

Fixed CT Cells: | Function as contractile cells that modify capillary blood flow

Pericytes

Fixed CT Cells: | Fully differentiated cells

Adipose cells

Fixed CT Cells: | Increase in number in early neonatal life

Adipose cells

Fixed CT Cells: | Synthesis, storage and release of fats

Adipose cells

aka white adipose cells with single large fat droplet cytoplasm and nucleus are queezedinto a thin rim around the cell’s periphery. receptors for insulin, growth hormone, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids

Unilocularadipose cells

aka brown adipose cells) smaller than white adipose cells fat stored in many small fat droplets spherical centrally located nucleus

Multilocular adipose cells

Fixed CT Cells: | Arise from myeloid stem cells in bone marrow

Mast Cells

Fixed CT Cells: Usually reside near small blood vessels central spherical nucleus, cytoplasmic granules “primary mediators”

Mast Cells

mediators released by mast cells | Vasodilator

histamine

mediators released by mast cells | Anticoagulant, inactivates histamine

heparin

mediators released by mast cells Attractant for eosinophils to site of inflammation

ECF

mediators released by mast cells | Attractant for neutrophils tosite of inflammation

NCF

mediators released by mast cells | Inactivateleukotriene C4

ARYL SULFATE

mediators released by mast cells | Increasesinflammatory responses

NEUTRAL PROTEASES

mediators released by mast cells | Inactivates

chondroitin sulfate

CT: Cell Components motile phagocytes > possess irregular surfaces (pleats, protrusions, indentations)

macrophage

CT: Cell Components well developed organelles (Golgi, lysosomes, rER) > maintenance of CT-Ig, C’, lysosomes,cytokines) > histiocytes

macrophage

CT: Cell Components | >reticuloendothelial system (heterogenous phagocytic cells)

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

CT: Cell Components | vital stain of Mononuclear Phagocyte System

Trypan Blue

CT: Cell Components | isotopically labelled monoclonal Ab’sagainst surface markers

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

CT: Cell Components | monocytes, macrophages, alveolar phagocytes, Kupffercells, osteoblast, dendriticcells

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

CT: Cell Components derived from B-cells activated by antigens > large, ovoid cells, basophilic cytoplasm (rER)

plasma cells

: pale portion in the plasma cell (Golgi apparatus)

hof region

CT: Cell Components | >for production of antibodies (IgE)

plasma cell

CT: Cell Components WBCs that migrate by diapedesis > cellular defense > implicated in inflammatory processes

leukocytes

>red fluid that circulates inside blood vessels > transport VEHICLE > transports oxygen, nutrients and other substance to all organs and tissues > gives LIFE

blood

ph of blood

pH 7.35-7.45

components of blood

Components: > Formed Elements ( WBCs, RBCs, platelets) > Fibers: form of fibrin > Fluid Ground: Plasma

Stains used in blood smear

(Giemsa or Wright’s) containing azure dyes

> terminally differentiated (ANUCLEATED) Cells > contains an oxygen carrying molecule called hemoglobin > Biconcave shape (7.5um diameter) > Plasmalemma(band 3 protein, glycophorinA, spectrin, ankyrin)

RBC

Life Span of 120 Days | > Senescent ____ removed in the spleen, liver and BM

RBC

> spherical nucleated cells | > migrate to tissues to perform various activities

Leukocytes (WBCs)

Two Groups OF WBCs

> Granulocytes (Polymorphonuclear) | > Agranulocyes(Mononuclear)

> arise from a similar committed progenitor cell CFU-GM

AGRANULOCYTES (MONONUCLEAR)

> large off centered nucleus (kidney or U-shaped) > opaque, gray to blue cytoplasm > slightly condensed chromatin pattern .> 2-10%

MONOCYTES

> spherical nuclei; scanty cytoplasm (slightly basophilic) > 6-8um (small) 9-18um (large) > can return to the blood stream after diapedesis

LYMPHOCYTES

differentiated B cells; Absecretion | > abundant blue cytoplasm; clear zone; eccentric nucleus; light streaks/vacuoles

Plasma Cells

Produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms Contributes to allergic reaction, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system

Lymphocyte Functions

> anucleated, disk-like cell FRAGMENTS | > fragmentation of the MEGAKARYOCYTE

PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)

Megakaryocytes divide by

endomitosis

Platelets are rich in

GAGs and glycoproteins (adhesion)

Granules of the Granulomere

> Delta Granules (Electron dense): has ADP, ATP, serotonin > Alpha Granules (larger): platelet derived factor, PF4 > Lambda Granules (lysosomalenzymesa)

Granules of granulomere | (Electron dense): has ADP, ATP, serotonin

Delta Granules

Granules of granulomere | (Electron dense): has ADP, ATP, serotonin

Delta Granules

what are the fixed cells

Fibroblasts, mast cells, adipose cells, pericytes

Granules of granulomere | platelet derived factor, PF4

Alpha

what are the transient/free cells

macrophage, plasma cells, leukocytes, mononuclear phagocyte system

Granules of granulomere | lysosomal enzymes

Lambda granules

type of collagen | major structural component of the basal lamina

Type IV Collagen

type of adipose cells | receptors for insulin, growth hormone, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids

white adipose cells/unilocular

components of plasmalemma

> Plasmalemma(band 3 protein, glycophorinA, spectrin, ankyrin)

components of GAGs that are bound to protein

chondroitin sulfate keratan sulfate heparin sulfate

components of GAGs that are not bound to protein

hyaluronic acid

majority of CT is an ____________ phase

aqueous

aqueous phase of CT is also called

ground substance

component of GAGs not bound to protein has high viscosity in aqueous solution responsible for gel-like consistency

hyaluronic acid

together with ________, laminin forms basal lamina

collagen and entactin

reticular fibers consist mainly of type what collagen

Type III

Reticular fibers are abundant in: (2)

parenchymal cells | hematopoeitic organs

cells that move so that they converge on site of injury

free or transient cells

function of pericytes

contractile cells that modify capillary blood flow

pericytes give rise to what type of cells

endothelial smooth muscle cells fibroblasts

type of free cell that get rid of debris and dead cells

macrophage

a not specific system | replaced by mononuclear phagocyte system

reticuloendothelial system

is plasma cell basophilic or acidophilic

basophilic

passage of blood cells through walls of capillaries

diapedesis

3 divisions in centirfuged blood

plasma buffy coat RBC

buffy coat is composed of

WBC and platelet

percentage of plasma

55%

percentage of formed elements

45%

percentage of water in plasma

91%

percentage of blood proteins in plasma

percentage of hormones, nutrients, enzymes in plasma

polymorphonuclear cells are also called

granulocytes

mononuclear cells are also known as

agranulocytes

components of hemoglobin

heme and globin

protein part of hemoglobin

globin

nonprotein part of hemoglobin

heme

life span of rbcs

120 days

senescent rbcs are removed in

liver, spleen, BM

types of granulocytes based on stain stain darkly present at some level in all WBCs

azurophilic (primary)

types of granulocytes based on stain responsible for staining reactions specific/specialized granules

specific granules (secondary)

how many nuclei in neutrophil

2-5

color stain of neutrophil

pinkish or reddish purple

function of neutrophils (2)

bacterial defense through phagocytosis release of specific granules for oxidative killing pus

life span of pus in CT

1-4 days

cytoplasmic granules which stain RED

EOSINophil

Number of nuclei in eosinophil

percentage of neutrophil in WBC

60-70%

Percentage of eosinophil in WBC

2-4%

oval specific granules containing majorbasic protein

EOSINOPHIL

Functions of eosinophil (4)

Phagocytose Ag-Ab complexes Cytotoxic effect on parasites allergic reactions lessen inflammatory response

cytoplasmic granules which stain blue to purple or metachromatically

basophils

cytoplasmic granules | least seen in blood smears

basophils

cytoplasmic granules | IgE is bound to surface

basophils

how many lobes in basophils

2 or more irregular lobes

basophil is similar in function with

mast cells

functions of basophils (2)

delayed hypersensitivity | immediate hypersensitivity

agranulocyte | opaque, gray to blue cytoplasm

monocyte

agranulocyte with slightly condensed chromatin pattern

monocyte

percentage of monocyte in WBCs

2-10%

agranulocyte which can return to blood stream after diapedesis

lymphocyte

groups of lymphocytes

T cells B cells NK cells

lymphocyte functions

Produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms Contributes to allergic reaction, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system

Platelets appear in

clumps

zone of platelet | lightly stained; peripheral zone

Hyalomere

zone of platelet | darker; central zone

Granulomere

FUNCTION of Platelets

maintaining the integrity of blood vessels forming hemostatic plugs to stop blood loss from injured vessels and, in the process, promoting coagulation of plasma factors.

platelet aggregates to collagen; a platelet plug is formed

Primary Aggregation:

release of adhesive glycoprotein and ADP(induction of aggregation to increase the plug size)

Secondary Aggregation

formation of a blood clot (fibrin) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin

Blood Coagulation:

Plasmin (proteolytic enzyme)

Clot Removal:

Platelets are fragmentations of

Megakaryocytes

Number of nucleus of megakaryocyte

Multinucleated

Component of platelet that is responsible for adhesion

Glycoprotein

Electron dense granules of the granulomere

Delta granules

Larger granules of the granulomere

Alpha granules

Formed elements which maintain the integrity of blood vessels

Platelets

Formed elements which form hemostatic plugs to stop blood loss from injured vessels

Platelets

Formed elements which promote coagulation of plasma factors

Platelets

What is released in secondary aggregation to increase plug size

Adhesive glycoprotein and ADP

What is used to convert fibrinogen to fibrin

Thrombin

A proteolytic enzyme responsible for clot removal

Plasmin

Secretion of plasma cells

Ab secretion

Type of collagen which bind basal lamina to reticular fibers

Type VII

Type of collagen | Major structural component of basal lamina

Type IV

CT with Mineralized ground substance

Bone

CT with gelatinous and syrupy GS

Loose Dense Cartilage Adipose

Ct with watery GS

Blood plasma

Protein fiber that connects cells to matrix

Fibronectin

Protein fiber that forms filaments and sheets

Fibrillin

Protein fiber for stretch and recoil

Elastin

Protein fiber: stiff and flexible

Collagen

Intercellular source of secondary mediators

Membrane lipid

Intercellular source of primary mediators

Granule

Secondary mediator | Vasoconstriction

Prostaglandins D2

Secondary mediator Vasodilation Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle cells

Leukotriene C4, D4, E4

Vascular permeability, responsible for pain sensation

Bradykinins

Secondary mediator | causes platelet aggregation

Thromboxane A2

Secondary mediator | Inactivates leukotriene C4

Aryl sulfate

Secondary mediator Attracts eosinophils and basophils Vascular permeability

Platelet activating factor