Flashcards in connective tissue - histo lec Deck (198):
1
middle layer of embryo
Mesoderm:
2
: embryonic tissue
> stem tissue (point of origin) of all connective tissues
Mesenchyme
3
composition of ECM
GROUND SUBSTANCE
FIBERS: elongated polymerized proteins
4
colorless and transparent gel-like material
Ground substance
5
elongated polymerized proteins
GS component
FIBERS:
6
Major component of GS
glycosaminoglycogens (GAGs)
7
component of ECM that
3. as lubricant
4. helps prevents invasion of tissues by foreign agents
5. resists forces of compression
ground substance
8
composition of GS (3)
glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
9
Major GAGs (4)
Chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin sulfate, hyaluronic acid
10
made of multiadhesive proteins (fibronectin, integrins,laminin)
GS
11
multiadhesive proteins that form the GS
(3)
Fibronectin, integrins,laminin
12
FUNCTION OF multiadhesive proteins that form the GS
bind cells to fibers of CT
13
multi-adhesive protein of GS
-binding sites: cells, collagen fibers
-connects components of CT, attachment to cells
Fibronectin
14
multi-adhesive protein of GS
binding sites for cell membranes
-with collagen and entactinforms basal lamina
Laminin-
15
multi-adhesive protein of GS
–integral proteins of plasma membranes
-bind directly to collagen fibers
Integrins
16
Three Main Types OF FIBERS
Collagen
Reticular
Elastic
17
Types OF FIBERS
>most abundant fibrous protein; large fibers
Collagen
18
color of collagen in H&E stain
pink
19
color of collagen in Mallory's trichrome
blue
20
color of collagen in Masson's stain
green
21
type of fiber
great tensile strength (promote flexibility and strength)
collagen
22
made up of 3polypeptide chains in helix & cross-linked
tropocollagen
23
type of fiber
Not a single entity
collagen
24
there are _ types of collagen
20
25
–most common types of collagen; interstitial collagen
type I, type II, type III
26
Families of collagen:
a. fibrillar collagen –
e. other collagens –
types I, II, III, V, XI
27
Families of collagen:
b. facit collagen –
(fibril-associated collagen with interrupted triple helix) types IX, XII, XIV
28
Families of collagen:
c. short-chain collagens –
type VIII, X
29
Families of collagen:
d. basement membrane collagen –
type IV
30
families of collagen
e. other collagens –
rest of the collagen types
31
Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function
> Collagen Fibers: tendons, organs, and dermis
Collagens that form long Fibrils
32
Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function
> short structures; bind to surface of collagen fibrils
Fibril Associated Collagens
33
Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function
>Type VII: anchoring collagen
> bind basal lamina to reticular fibers
Collagens that form Anchoring Fibrils
34
Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function
> Type IV Collagen: major structural component of the basal lamina
Collagen that form Networks
35
type of fiber
thinner and intermediate fibers made up of elastin and
fibrillin
elastic fibers
36
component of elastic fibers
organize secreted elastininto distinct elastic fibers
fibrillin–
37
component of elastic fibers
hydrophobic, rubber-like glycoprotein main component of elastic fibers
elastin
38
stain used for elastic fibers
resorcin-fuchsin stain
39
component of elastic fibers
form loose network
> branching fibers for stretch and recoil
elastic fibers
40
elastic fibers
may be stretched up to __ of their resting length
150%
41
type of fibers
interspersed with collagen
> seen in smooth muscle walls of elastic arteries, alveolar septa of the lungs
elastic fibers
42
type of fibers
> consists mainly of collagen TYPE III
reticular
43
type of fibers
extremely thin (0.5-2.0 μm)
> forms networks of very thin
reticular
44
type of fibers
>abundant in parenchymal cells of organs and hematopoietic organs
reticular
45
type of fibers
stain black with silver salts (not seen in H&E)
reticular
46
type of fibers
a.k.a. argyrophilic fibers
reticular
47
CT Cells
> cells that do not migrateand remain in the connective tissues
>fibroblast, pericytes, adipose cells, mast cells
Fixed Cells
48
CT Cells
> remain temporarily in connective tissue
> use blood and lymph vascular system to relocate to regions of connective tissue
> macrophages, plasma cells, leukocytes
2. Transient Cells
49
Fixed CT Cells
most common; synthesis and secretion of collagen fibers and ground substance of CT
fibroblast
50
Fixed CT Cells
Fusiform, tapering on both ends, Possess an oval nucleus
fibroblast
51
TYPE OF FIBROBLAST
–spindle-shaped, well developed RER and GA during matrix production.Myosin throughout the cytoplasm, actin and α-actininon the periphery (muscle contraction)
Active fibroblast
52
TYPE OF FIBROBLAST
–functions in wound contraction.
myofibroblast
53
TYPE OF FIBROBLAST
smaller, reduced RER, GA. Ribosomes abundant
Inactive fibroblast
54
Fixed CT Cells:
May give rise to fibroblast, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells on injury
Pericytes
55
Fixed CT Cells:
Possess characteristics of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells
Pericytes
56
Fixed CT Cells:
Smaller than fibroblast
Pericytes
57
Fixed CT Cells:
along capillaries lying in their own basal lamina
Pericytes
58
Fixed CT Cells:
Function as contractile cells that modify capillary blood flow
Pericytes
59
Fixed CT Cells:
Fully differentiated cells
Adipose cells
60
Fixed CT Cells:
Increase in number in early neonatal life
Adipose cells
61
Fixed CT Cells:
Synthesis, storage and release of fats
Adipose cells
62
aka white adipose cells
with single large fat droplet
cytoplasm and nucleus are queezedinto a thin rim around the cell’s periphery.
receptors for insulin, growth hormone, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids
Unilocularadipose cells
63
aka brown adipose cells)
smaller than white adipose cells
fat stored in many small fat droplets
spherical centrally located nucleus
Multilocular adipose cells
64
Fixed CT Cells:
Arise from myeloid stem cells in bone marrow
Mast Cells
65
Fixed CT Cells:
Usually reside near small blood vessels
central spherical nucleus, cytoplasmic granules “primary mediators”
Mast Cells
66
mediators released by mast cells
Vasodilator
histamine
67
mediators released by mast cells
Anticoagulant, inactivates histamine
heparin
68
mediators released by mast cells
Attractant for eosinophils
to site of inflammation
ECF
69
mediators released by mast cells
Attractant for neutrophils tosite of inflammation
NCF
70
mediators released by mast cells
Inactivateleukotriene C4
ARYL SULFATE
71
mediators released by mast cells
Increasesinflammatory responses
NEUTRAL PROTEASES
72
mediators released by mast cells
Inactivates
chondroitin sulfate
73
CT: Cell Components
motile phagocytes
> possess irregular surfaces (pleats, protrusions, indentations)
macrophage
74
CT: Cell Components
well developed organelles (Golgi, lysosomes, rER)
> maintenance of CT-Ig, C’, lysosomes,cytokines)
> histiocytes
macrophage
75
CT: Cell Components
>reticuloendothelial system (heterogenous phagocytic cells)
Mononuclear Phagocyte System
76
CT: Cell Components
vital stain of Mononuclear Phagocyte System
Trypan Blue
77
CT: Cell Components
isotopically labelled monoclonal Ab’sagainst surface markers
Mononuclear Phagocyte System
78
CT: Cell Components
monocytes, macrophages, alveolar phagocytes, Kupffercells, osteoblast, dendriticcells
Mononuclear Phagocyte System
79
CT: Cell Components
derived from B-cells activated by antigens
> large, ovoid cells, basophilic cytoplasm (rER)
plasma cells
80
: pale portion in the plasma cell (Golgi apparatus)
hof region
81
CT: Cell Components
>for production of antibodies (IgE)
plasma cell
82
CT: Cell Components
WBCs that migrate by diapedesis
> cellular defense
> implicated in inflammatory processes
leukocytes
83
>red fluid that circulates inside blood vessels
> transport VEHICLE
> transports oxygen, nutrients and other substance to all organs and tissues
> gives LIFE
blood
84
ph of blood
pH 7.35-7.45
85
components of blood
Components:
> Formed Elements ( WBCs, RBCs, platelets)
> Fibers: form of fibrin
> Fluid Ground: Plasma
86
Stains used in blood smear
(Giemsa or Wright’s) containing azure dyes
87
> terminally differentiated (ANUCLEATED) Cells
> contains an oxygen carrying molecule called hemoglobin
> Biconcave shape (7.5um diameter)
> Plasmalemma(band 3 protein, glycophorinA, spectrin, ankyrin)
RBC
88
Life Span of 120 Days
> Senescent ____ removed in the spleen, liver and BM
RBC
89
> spherical nucleated cells
> migrate to tissues to perform various activities
Leukocytes (WBCs)
90
Two Groups OF WBCs
> Granulocytes (Polymorphonuclear)
> Agranulocyes(Mononuclear)
91
> arise from a similar committed progenitor cell CFU-GM
AGRANULOCYTES (MONONUCLEAR)
92
> large off centered nucleus (kidney or U-shaped)
> opaque, gray to blue cytoplasm
> slightly condensed chromatin pattern
.> 2-10%
MONOCYTES
93
> spherical nuclei; scanty cytoplasm (slightly basophilic)
> 6-8um (small) 9-18um (large)
> can return to the blood stream after diapedesis
LYMPHOCYTES
94
differentiated B cells; Absecretion
> abundant blue cytoplasm; clear zone; eccentric nucleus; light streaks/vacuoles
Plasma Cells
95
Produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms
Contributes to allergic reaction, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system
Lymphocyte Functions
96
> anucleated, disk-like cell FRAGMENTS
> fragmentation of the MEGAKARYOCYTE
PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
97
Megakaryocytes divide by
endomitosis
98
Platelets are rich in
GAGs and glycoproteins (adhesion)
99
Granules of the Granulomere
> Delta Granules (Electron dense): has ADP, ATP, serotonin
> Alpha Granules (larger): platelet derived factor, PF4
> Lambda Granules (lysosomalenzymesa)
100
Granules of granulomere
(Electron dense): has ADP, ATP, serotonin
Delta Granules
100
Granules of granulomere
(Electron dense): has ADP, ATP, serotonin
Delta Granules
101
what are the fixed cells
Fibroblasts, mast cells, adipose cells, pericytes
101
Granules of granulomere
platelet derived factor, PF4
Alpha
102
what are the transient/free cells
macrophage, plasma cells, leukocytes, mononuclear phagocyte system
102
Granules of granulomere
lysosomal enzymes
Lambda granules
103
type of collagen
major structural component of the basal lamina
Type IV Collagen
104
type of adipose cells
receptors for insulin, growth hormone, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids
white adipose cells/unilocular
105
components of plasmalemma
> Plasmalemma(band 3 protein, glycophorinA, spectrin, ankyrin)
106
components of GAGs that are bound to protein
chondroitin sulfate
keratan sulfate
heparin sulfate
107
components of GAGs that are not bound to protein
hyaluronic acid
108
majority of CT is an ____________ phase
aqueous
109
aqueous phase of CT is also called
ground substance
110
component of GAGs not bound to protein
has high viscosity in aqueous solution
responsible for gel-like consistency
hyaluronic acid
111
together with ________, laminin forms basal lamina
collagen and entactin
112
reticular fibers consist mainly of type what collagen
Type III
113
Reticular fibers are abundant in: (2)
parenchymal cells
hematopoeitic organs
114
cells that move so that they converge on site of injury
free or transient cells
115
function of pericytes
contractile cells that modify capillary blood flow
116
pericytes give rise to what type of cells
endothelial
smooth muscle cells
fibroblasts
117
type of free cell that get rid of debris and dead cells
macrophage
118
a not specific system
replaced by mononuclear phagocyte system
reticuloendothelial system
119
is plasma cell basophilic or acidophilic
basophilic
120
passage of blood cells through walls of capillaries
diapedesis
121
3 divisions in centirfuged blood
plasma
buffy coat
RBC
122
buffy coat is composed of
WBC and platelet
123
percentage of plasma
55%
124
percentage of formed elements
45%
125
percentage of water in plasma
91%
126
percentage of blood proteins in plasma
7%
127
percentage of hormones, nutrients, enzymes in plasma
2%
128
polymorphonuclear cells are also called
granulocytes
129
mononuclear cells are also known as
agranulocytes
130
components of hemoglobin
heme and globin
131
protein part of hemoglobin
globin
132
nonprotein part of hemoglobin
heme
133
life span of rbcs
120 days
134
senescent rbcs are removed in
liver, spleen, BM
135
types of granulocytes based on stain
stain darkly
present at some level in all WBCs
azurophilic (primary)
136
types of granulocytes based on stain
responsible for staining reactions
specific/specialized granules
specific granules (secondary)
137
how many nuclei in neutrophil
2-5
138
color stain of neutrophil
pinkish or reddish purple
139
function of neutrophils (2)
bacterial defense through phagocytosis
release of specific granules for oxidative killing
pus
140
life span of pus in CT
1-4 days
141
cytoplasmic granules which stain RED
EOSINophil
142
Number of nuclei in eosinophil
2
143
percentage of neutrophil in WBC
60-70%
144
Percentage of eosinophil in WBC
2-4%
145
oval specific granules containing majorbasic protein
EOSINOPHIL
146
Functions of eosinophil (4)
Phagocytose Ag-Ab complexes
Cytotoxic effect on parasites
allergic reactions
lessen inflammatory response
147
cytoplasmic granules which stain blue to purple or metachromatically
basophils
148
cytoplasmic granules
least seen in blood smears
basophils
149
cytoplasmic granules
IgE is bound to surface
basophils
150
how many lobes in basophils
2 or more irregular lobes
151
basophil is similar in function with
mast cells
152
functions of basophils (2)
delayed hypersensitivity
immediate hypersensitivity
153
agranulocyte
opaque, gray to blue cytoplasm
monocyte
154
agranulocyte with slightly condensed chromatin pattern
monocyte
155
percentage of monocyte in WBCs
2-10%
156
agranulocyte which can return to blood stream after diapedesis
lymphocyte
157
groups of lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
NK cells
158
lymphocyte functions
Produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms
Contributes to allergic reaction, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system
159
Platelets appear in
clumps
160
zone of platelet
lightly stained; peripheral zone
Hyalomere
161
zone of platelet
darker; central zone
Granulomere
162
FUNCTION of Platelets
maintaining the integrity of blood vessels
forming hemostatic plugs to stop blood loss from injured vessels and, in the process,
promoting coagulation of plasma factors.
163
platelet aggregates to collagen; a platelet plug is formed
Primary Aggregation:
164
release of adhesive glycoprotein and ADP(induction of aggregation to increase the plug size)
Secondary Aggregation
165
formation of a blood clot (fibrin) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin
Blood Coagulation:
166
Plasmin (proteolytic enzyme)
Clot Removal:
169
Platelets are fragmentations of
Megakaryocytes
170
Number of nucleus of megakaryocyte
Multinucleated
171
Component of platelet that is responsible for adhesion
Glycoprotein
172
Electron dense granules of the granulomere
Delta granules
173
Larger granules of the granulomere
Alpha granules
174
Formed elements which maintain the integrity of blood vessels
Platelets
175
Formed elements which form hemostatic plugs to stop blood loss from injured vessels
Platelets
176
Formed elements which promote coagulation of plasma factors
Platelets
177
What is released in secondary aggregation to increase plug size
Adhesive glycoprotein and ADP
178
What is used to convert fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombin
179
A proteolytic enzyme responsible for clot removal
Plasmin
180
Secretion of plasma cells
Ab secretion
181
Type of collagen which bind basal lamina to reticular fibers
Type VII
182
Type of collagen
Major structural component of basal lamina
Type IV
183
CT with Mineralized ground substance
Bone
184
CT with gelatinous and syrupy GS
Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Adipose
185
Ct with watery GS
Blood plasma
186
Protein fiber that connects cells to matrix
Fibronectin
187
Protein fiber that forms filaments and sheets
Fibrillin
188
Protein fiber for stretch and recoil
Elastin
189
Protein fiber: stiff and flexible
Collagen
190
Intercellular source of secondary mediators
Membrane lipid
191
Intercellular source of primary mediators
Granule
192
Secondary mediator
Vasoconstriction
Prostaglandins D2
193
Secondary mediator
Vasodilation
Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle cells
Leukotriene C4, D4, E4
194
Vascular permeability, responsible for pain sensation
Bradykinins
195
Secondary mediator
causes platelet aggregation
Thromboxane A2
196
Secondary mediator
Inactivates leukotriene C4
Aryl sulfate
197