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Flashcards in connective tissue - histo lec Deck (198)
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1
Q

middle layer of embryo

A

Mesoderm:

2
Q

: embryonic tissue

> stem tissue (point of origin) of all connective tissues

A

Mesenchyme

3
Q

composition of ECM

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE

FIBERS: elongated polymerized proteins

4
Q

colorless and transparent gel-like material

A

Ground substance

5
Q

elongated polymerized proteins

GS component

A

FIBERS:

6
Q

Major component of GS

A

glycosaminoglycogens (GAGs)

7
Q

component of ECM that

  1. as lubricant
  2. helps prevents invasion of tissues by foreign agents
  3. resists forces of compression
A

ground substance

8
Q

composition of GS (3)

A

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

9
Q

Major GAGs (4)

A

Chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin sulfate, hyaluronic acid

10
Q

made of multiadhesive proteins (fibronectin, integrins,laminin)

A

GS

11
Q

multiadhesive proteins that form the GS

3

A

Fibronectin, integrins,laminin

12
Q

FUNCTION OF multiadhesive proteins that form the GS

A

bind cells to fibers of CT

13
Q

multi-adhesive protein of GS

  • binding sites: cells, collagen fibers
  • connects components of CT, attachment to cells
A

Fibronectin

14
Q

multi-adhesive protein of GS
binding sites for cell membranes
-with collagen and entactinforms basal lamina

A

Laminin-

15
Q

multi-adhesive protein of GS
–integral proteins of plasma membranes
-bind directly to collagen fibers

A

Integrins

16
Q

Three Main Types OF FIBERS

A

Collagen
Reticular
Elastic

17
Q

Types OF FIBERS

>most abundant fibrous protein; large fibers

A

Collagen

18
Q

color of collagen in H&E stain

A

pink

19
Q

color of collagen in Mallory’s trichrome

A

blue

20
Q

color of collagen in Masson’s stain

A

green

21
Q

type of fiber

great tensile strength (promote flexibility and strength)

A

collagen

22
Q

made up of 3polypeptide chains in helix & cross-linked

A

tropocollagen

23
Q

type of fiber

Not a single entity

A

collagen

24
Q

there are _ types of collagen

A

20

25
Q

–most common types of collagen; interstitial collagen

A

type I, type II, type III

26
Q

Families of collagen:
a. fibrillar collagen –

e. other collagens –

A

types I, II, III, V, XI

27
Q

Families of collagen:

b. facit collagen –

A

(fibril-associated collagen with interrupted triple helix) types IX, XII, XIV

28
Q

Families of collagen:

c. short-chain collagens –

A

type VIII, X

29
Q

Families of collagen:

d. basement membrane collagen –

A

type IV

30
Q

families of collagen

e. other collagens –

A

rest of the collagen types

31
Q

Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function

> Collagen Fibers: tendons, organs, and dermis

A

Collagens that form long Fibrils

32
Q

Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function

> short structures; bind to surface of collagen fibrils

A

Fibril Associated Collagens

33
Q

Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function

> Type VII: anchoring collagen
bind basal lamina to reticular fibers

A

Collagens that form Anchoring Fibrils

34
Q

Collagen: 4 Categories accdg to structure and function

> Type IV Collagen: major structural component of the basal lamina

A

Collagen that form Networks

35
Q

type of fiber
thinner and intermediate fibers made up of elastin and
fibrillin

A

elastic fibers

36
Q

component of elastic fibers

organize secreted elastininto distinct elastic fibers

A

fibrillin–

37
Q

component of elastic fibers

hydrophobic, rubber-like glycoprotein main component of elastic fibers

A

elastin

38
Q

stain used for elastic fibers

A

resorcin-fuchsin stain

39
Q

component of elastic fibers

form loose network
> branching fibers for stretch and recoil

A

elastic fibers

40
Q

elastic fibers

may be stretched up to __ of their resting length

A

150%

41
Q

type of fibers
interspersed with collagen
> seen in smooth muscle walls of elastic arteries, alveolar septa of the lungs

A

elastic fibers

42
Q

type of fibers

> consists mainly of collagen TYPE III

A

reticular

43
Q
type of fibers
extremely thin (0.5-2.0 μm)
> forms networks of very thin
A

reticular

44
Q

type of fibers

>abundant in parenchymal cells of organs and hematopoietic organs

A

reticular

45
Q

type of fibers

stain black with silver salts (not seen in H&E)

A

reticular

46
Q

type of fibers

a.k.a. argyrophilic fibers

A

reticular

47
Q

CT Cells

> cells that do not migrateand remain in the connective tissues
fibroblast, pericytes, adipose cells, mast cells

A

Fixed Cells

48
Q

CT Cells
> remain temporarily in connective tissue
> use blood and lymph vascular system to relocate to regions of connective tissue
> macrophages, plasma cells, leukocytes

A
  1. Transient Cells
49
Q

Fixed CT Cells

most common; synthesis and secretion of collagen fibers and ground substance of CT

A

fibroblast

50
Q

Fixed CT Cells

Fusiform, tapering on both ends, Possess an oval nucleus

A

fibroblast

51
Q

TYPE OF FIBROBLAST
–spindle-shaped, well developed RER and GA during matrix production.Myosin throughout the cytoplasm, actin and α-actininon the periphery (muscle contraction)

A

Active fibroblast

52
Q

TYPE OF FIBROBLAST

–functions in wound contraction.

A

myofibroblast

53
Q

TYPE OF FIBROBLAST

smaller, reduced RER, GA. Ribosomes abundant

A

Inactive fibroblast

54
Q

Fixed CT Cells:

May give rise to fibroblast, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells on injury

A

Pericytes

55
Q

Fixed CT Cells:

Possess characteristics of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells

A

Pericytes

56
Q

Fixed CT Cells:

Smaller than fibroblast

A

Pericytes

57
Q

Fixed CT Cells:

along capillaries lying in their own basal lamina

A

Pericytes

58
Q

Fixed CT Cells:

Function as contractile cells that modify capillary blood flow

A

Pericytes

59
Q

Fixed CT Cells:

Fully differentiated cells

A

Adipose cells

60
Q

Fixed CT Cells:

Increase in number in early neonatal life

A

Adipose cells

61
Q

Fixed CT Cells:

Synthesis, storage and release of fats

A

Adipose cells

62
Q

aka white adipose cells
with single large fat droplet
cytoplasm and nucleus are queezedinto a thin rim around the cell’s periphery.
receptors for insulin, growth hormone, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids

A

Unilocularadipose cells

63
Q

aka brown adipose cells)
smaller than white adipose cells
fat stored in many small fat droplets
spherical centrally located nucleus

A

Multilocular adipose cells

64
Q

Fixed CT Cells:

Arise from myeloid stem cells in bone marrow

A

Mast Cells

65
Q

Fixed CT Cells:
Usually reside near small blood vessels
central spherical nucleus, cytoplasmic granules “primary mediators”

A

Mast Cells

66
Q

mediators released by mast cells

Vasodilator

A

histamine

67
Q

mediators released by mast cells

Anticoagulant, inactivates histamine

A

heparin

68
Q

mediators released by mast cells
Attractant for eosinophils
to site of inflammation

A

ECF

69
Q

mediators released by mast cells

Attractant for neutrophils tosite of inflammation

A

NCF

70
Q

mediators released by mast cells

Inactivateleukotriene C4

A

ARYL SULFATE

71
Q

mediators released by mast cells

Increasesinflammatory responses

A

NEUTRAL PROTEASES

72
Q

mediators released by mast cells

Inactivates

A

chondroitin sulfate

73
Q

CT: Cell Components
motile phagocytes
> possess irregular surfaces (pleats, protrusions, indentations)

A

macrophage

74
Q

CT: Cell Components
well developed organelles (Golgi, lysosomes, rER)
> maintenance of CT-Ig, C’, lysosomes,cytokines)
> histiocytes

A

macrophage

75
Q

CT: Cell Components

>reticuloendothelial system (heterogenous phagocytic cells)

A

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

76
Q

CT: Cell Components

vital stain of Mononuclear Phagocyte System

A

Trypan Blue

77
Q

CT: Cell Components

isotopically labelled monoclonal Ab’sagainst surface markers

A

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

78
Q

CT: Cell Components

monocytes, macrophages, alveolar phagocytes, Kupffercells, osteoblast, dendriticcells

A

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

79
Q

CT: Cell Components
derived from B-cells activated by antigens
> large, ovoid cells, basophilic cytoplasm (rER)

A

plasma cells

80
Q

: pale portion in the plasma cell (Golgi apparatus)

A

hof region

81
Q

CT: Cell Components

>for production of antibodies (IgE)

A

plasma cell

82
Q

CT: Cell Components
WBCs that migrate by diapedesis
> cellular defense
> implicated in inflammatory processes

A

leukocytes

83
Q

> red fluid that circulates inside blood vessels
transport VEHICLE
transports oxygen, nutrients and other substance to all organs and tissues
gives LIFE

A

blood

84
Q

ph of blood

A

pH 7.35-7.45

85
Q

components of blood

A

Components:
> Formed Elements ( WBCs, RBCs, platelets)
> Fibers: form of fibrin
> Fluid Ground: Plasma

86
Q

Stains used in blood smear

A

(Giemsa or Wright’s) containing azure dyes

87
Q

> terminally differentiated (ANUCLEATED) Cells
contains an oxygen carrying molecule called hemoglobin
Biconcave shape (7.5um diameter)
Plasmalemma(band 3 protein, glycophorinA, spectrin, ankyrin)

A

RBC

88
Q

Life Span of 120 Days

> Senescent ____ removed in the spleen, liver and BM

A

RBC

89
Q

> spherical nucleated cells

> migrate to tissues to perform various activities

A

Leukocytes (WBCs)

90
Q

Two Groups OF WBCs

A

> Granulocytes (Polymorphonuclear)

> Agranulocyes(Mononuclear)

91
Q

> arise from a similar committed progenitor cell CFU-GM

A

AGRANULOCYTES (MONONUCLEAR)

92
Q

> large off centered nucleus (kidney or U-shaped)
opaque, gray to blue cytoplasm
slightly condensed chromatin pattern
.> 2-10%

A

MONOCYTES

93
Q

> spherical nuclei; scanty cytoplasm (slightly basophilic)
6-8um (small) 9-18um (large)
can return to the blood stream after diapedesis

A

LYMPHOCYTES

94
Q

differentiated B cells; Absecretion

> abundant blue cytoplasm; clear zone; eccentric nucleus; light streaks/vacuoles

A

Plasma Cells

95
Q

Produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms
Contributes to allergic reaction, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system

A

Lymphocyte Functions

96
Q

> anucleated, disk-like cell FRAGMENTS

> fragmentation of the MEGAKARYOCYTE

A

PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)

97
Q

Megakaryocytes divide by

A

endomitosis

98
Q

Platelets are rich in

A

GAGs and glycoproteins (adhesion)

99
Q

Granules of the Granulomere

A

> Delta Granules (Electron dense): has ADP, ATP, serotonin
Alpha Granules (larger): platelet derived factor, PF4
Lambda Granules (lysosomalenzymesa)

100
Q

Granules of granulomere

(Electron dense): has ADP, ATP, serotonin

A

Delta Granules

100
Q

Granules of granulomere

(Electron dense): has ADP, ATP, serotonin

A

Delta Granules

101
Q

what are the fixed cells

A

Fibroblasts, mast cells, adipose cells, pericytes

101
Q

Granules of granulomere

platelet derived factor, PF4

A

Alpha

102
Q

what are the transient/free cells

A

macrophage, plasma cells, leukocytes, mononuclear phagocyte system

102
Q

Granules of granulomere

lysosomal enzymes

A

Lambda granules

103
Q

type of collagen

major structural component of the basal lamina

A

Type IV Collagen

104
Q

type of adipose cells

receptors for insulin, growth hormone, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids

A

white adipose cells/unilocular

105
Q

components of plasmalemma

A

> Plasmalemma(band 3 protein, glycophorinA, spectrin, ankyrin)

106
Q

components of GAGs that are bound to protein

A

chondroitin sulfate
keratan sulfate
heparin sulfate

107
Q

components of GAGs that are not bound to protein

A

hyaluronic acid

108
Q

majority of CT is an ____________ phase

A

aqueous

109
Q

aqueous phase of CT is also called

A

ground substance

110
Q

component of GAGs not bound to protein
has high viscosity in aqueous solution
responsible for gel-like consistency

A

hyaluronic acid

111
Q

together with ________, laminin forms basal lamina

A

collagen and entactin

112
Q

reticular fibers consist mainly of type what collagen

A

Type III

113
Q

Reticular fibers are abundant in: (2)

A

parenchymal cells

hematopoeitic organs

114
Q

cells that move so that they converge on site of injury

A

free or transient cells

115
Q

function of pericytes

A

contractile cells that modify capillary blood flow

116
Q

pericytes give rise to what type of cells

A

endothelial
smooth muscle cells
fibroblasts

117
Q

type of free cell that get rid of debris and dead cells

A

macrophage

118
Q

a not specific system

replaced by mononuclear phagocyte system

A

reticuloendothelial system

119
Q

is plasma cell basophilic or acidophilic

A

basophilic

120
Q

passage of blood cells through walls of capillaries

A

diapedesis

121
Q

3 divisions in centirfuged blood

A

plasma
buffy coat
RBC

122
Q

buffy coat is composed of

A

WBC and platelet

123
Q

percentage of plasma

A

55%

124
Q

percentage of formed elements

A

45%

125
Q

percentage of water in plasma

A

91%

126
Q

percentage of blood proteins in plasma

A

7%

127
Q

percentage of hormones, nutrients, enzymes in plasma

A

2%

128
Q

polymorphonuclear cells are also called

A

granulocytes

129
Q

mononuclear cells are also known as

A

agranulocytes

130
Q

components of hemoglobin

A

heme and globin

131
Q

protein part of hemoglobin

A

globin

132
Q

nonprotein part of hemoglobin

A

heme

133
Q

life span of rbcs

A

120 days

134
Q

senescent rbcs are removed in

A

liver, spleen, BM

135
Q

types of granulocytes based on stain
stain darkly
present at some level in all WBCs

A

azurophilic (primary)

136
Q

types of granulocytes based on stain
responsible for staining reactions
specific/specialized granules

A

specific granules (secondary)

137
Q

how many nuclei in neutrophil

A

2-5

138
Q

color stain of neutrophil

A

pinkish or reddish purple

139
Q

function of neutrophils (2)

A

bacterial defense through phagocytosis
release of specific granules for oxidative killing
pus

140
Q

life span of pus in CT

A

1-4 days

141
Q

cytoplasmic granules which stain RED

A

EOSINophil

142
Q

Number of nuclei in eosinophil

A

2

143
Q

percentage of neutrophil in WBC

A

60-70%

144
Q

Percentage of eosinophil in WBC

A

2-4%

145
Q

oval specific granules containing majorbasic protein

A

EOSINOPHIL

146
Q

Functions of eosinophil (4)

A

Phagocytose Ag-Ab complexes
Cytotoxic effect on parasites
allergic reactions
lessen inflammatory response

147
Q

cytoplasmic granules which stain blue to purple or metachromatically

A

basophils

148
Q

cytoplasmic granules

least seen in blood smears

A

basophils

149
Q

cytoplasmic granules

IgE is bound to surface

A

basophils

150
Q

how many lobes in basophils

A

2 or more irregular lobes

151
Q

basophil is similar in function with

A

mast cells

152
Q

functions of basophils (2)

A

delayed hypersensitivity

immediate hypersensitivity

153
Q

agranulocyte

opaque, gray to blue cytoplasm

A

monocyte

154
Q

agranulocyte with slightly condensed chromatin pattern

A

monocyte

155
Q

percentage of monocyte in WBCs

A

2-10%

156
Q

agranulocyte which can return to blood stream after diapedesis

A

lymphocyte

157
Q

groups of lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

158
Q

lymphocyte functions

A

Produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms
Contributes to allergic reaction, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system

159
Q

Platelets appear in

A

clumps

160
Q

zone of platelet

lightly stained; peripheral zone

A

Hyalomere

161
Q

zone of platelet

darker; central zone

A

Granulomere

162
Q

FUNCTION of Platelets

A

maintaining the integrity of blood vessels
forming hemostatic plugs to stop blood loss from injured vessels and, in the process,
promoting coagulation of plasma factors.

163
Q

platelet aggregates to collagen; a platelet plug is formed

A

Primary Aggregation:

164
Q

release of adhesive glycoprotein and ADP(induction of aggregation to increase the plug size)

A

Secondary Aggregation

165
Q

formation of a blood clot (fibrin) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin

A

Blood Coagulation:

166
Q

Plasmin (proteolytic enzyme)

A

Clot Removal:

169
Q

Platelets are fragmentations of

A

Megakaryocytes

170
Q

Number of nucleus of megakaryocyte

A

Multinucleated

171
Q

Component of platelet that is responsible for adhesion

A

Glycoprotein

172
Q

Electron dense granules of the granulomere

A

Delta granules

173
Q

Larger granules of the granulomere

A

Alpha granules

174
Q

Formed elements which maintain the integrity of blood vessels

A

Platelets

175
Q

Formed elements which form hemostatic plugs to stop blood loss from injured vessels

A

Platelets

176
Q

Formed elements which promote coagulation of plasma factors

A

Platelets

177
Q

What is released in secondary aggregation to increase plug size

A

Adhesive glycoprotein and ADP

178
Q

What is used to convert fibrinogen to fibrin

A

Thrombin

179
Q

A proteolytic enzyme responsible for clot removal

A

Plasmin

180
Q

Secretion of plasma cells

A

Ab secretion

181
Q

Type of collagen which bind basal lamina to reticular fibers

A

Type VII

182
Q

Type of collagen

Major structural component of basal lamina

A

Type IV

183
Q

CT with Mineralized ground substance

A

Bone

184
Q

CT with gelatinous and syrupy GS

A

Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Adipose

185
Q

Ct with watery GS

A

Blood plasma

186
Q

Protein fiber that connects cells to matrix

A

Fibronectin

187
Q

Protein fiber that forms filaments and sheets

A

Fibrillin

188
Q

Protein fiber for stretch and recoil

A

Elastin

189
Q

Protein fiber: stiff and flexible

A

Collagen

190
Q

Intercellular source of secondary mediators

A

Membrane lipid

191
Q

Intercellular source of primary mediators

A

Granule

192
Q

Secondary mediator

Vasoconstriction

A

Prostaglandins D2

193
Q

Secondary mediator
Vasodilation
Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle cells

A

Leukotriene C4, D4, E4

194
Q

Vascular permeability, responsible for pain sensation

A

Bradykinins

195
Q

Secondary mediator

causes platelet aggregation

A

Thromboxane A2

196
Q

Secondary mediator

Inactivates leukotriene C4

A

Aryl sulfate

197
Q

Secondary mediator
Attracts eosinophils and basophils
Vascular permeability

A

Platelet activating factor

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