LYMPHATIC Flashcards
1
Q
lymph, lymphocytes, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus
- does not circulate fluid to and from tissues
- carries fluid in one direction, from tissues to circulatory system
- most fluid returns to blood, some move into lymphatic capillaries to become lymph
A
lymphatic system
2
Q
tiny, close-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium
- more permeable than blood capillaries because they lack a basement membrane
- its overlapping squamous cells act as valves (prevent backflow of fluid)
- present in most tissues except CNS, bone marrow, tissues without blood vessels (epidermis & cartilage)
- join to form lymphatic vessels
A
lymphatic capillaries
3
Q
resemble small veins
- small LV have beaded appearance because they have one-way valves
- when compressed, valves prevent backward movement, causing lymph to move forward
- converge and empty into the blood at two locations:
A
lymphatic vessels
4
Q
– tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
A
LYMPHATIC ORGANS
5
Q
– lymphocytes and other cells
A
LYMPHATIC TISSUE
6
Q
form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around the openings between the nasal and oral cavities and pharynx
-protect against pathogens and other potentially harmful material entering from the nose and mouth
A
tonsils
7
Q
form interlaced network that holds the lymphocytes and other cells in place
-traps microorganisms and other items in the fluid when lymph or blood filters through lymphatic organs
A
reticular fiber
8
Q
iginate from red bone marrow and are carried by blood to lymphatic organs
-divide and increase in number when the body is exposed to microorganisms or foreign substances
A
lymphocytes
9
Q
posterior opening of the oral cavity, “the tonsils”
A
PALATINE
10
Q
– near the internal opening, called adenoids when enlarged
A
PHARYNGEAL
11
Q
posterior surface of the tongue
A
- Lingual
12
Q
rounded structures
- distributed along various lymphatic vessels
- where lymph passes before entering the blood
A
LYMPH NODES
13
Q
3 Superficial Aggregations of Lymph Nodes on each side of the body
A
- Inguinal nodes – groin
- Axillary nodes – axilla
- Cervical nodes – neck
14
Q
– dense CT surrounding each node
A
CAPSULE
15
Q
subdivide a lymph node into compartments containing lymphatic tissue and sinuses
A
Trabeculae
16
Q
dense aggregations of tissue
A
LYMPH ATIC NODULES
17
Q
spaces between lymphatic tissue containing macrophages
A
LYMPH ATIC sinuses
18
Q
– lymphatic nodules containing rapidly dividing lymphocytes
A
germinal; centers
19
Q
– clenched fist, left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity
- outer capsule of dense CT and some smooth muscle
- divided into compartments by trabeculae
- filters blood instead of lymph
- detect and respond to foreign substances in the blood & destroy worn-out rbc
- blood reservoir (used in emergency situations, little blood only)
A
spleen
20
Q
part of spleen
lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries within the spleen
A
white pulp
21
Q
– associated with veins
-a fibrous network filled with macrophages and RBC, enlarged capillaries connecting to veins
A
red pulp
22
Q
- bilobed gland, triangular in shape
- in superior mediastinum
- each lobe surrounded by capsule
- divided into lobules by trabeculae
- site for maturation of T cells
A
thymus
23
Q
– near the capsule and trabeculae
-dark-staining areas formed by numerous lymphocytes
A
cortex
24
Q
– lighter-staining central portion with fewer lymphocytes
A
medulla
25
-ability to resist damage from foreign substances, harmful chemicals and internal threats
IMMUNITY
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body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances
| -response is same each time the body is exposed
INNATE IMMUNITY
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– body recognizes and destroys foreign substances
| -response improves each time the foreign substance is encountered
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
28
ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance
SPECIFICITY
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ability of adaptive immunity to remember previous encounters with a particular substances
MEMORY
30
INNATE IMMUNITY WHICH prevent microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body in 2 ways:
PHYSICAL BARRIERS
31
HOW PHYSICAL BARRIERS prevent microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body
1. Skin and mucous membrane form barriers
| 2. Tears, saliva, and urine was substances
32
-molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS
33
– group of approximately 20 proteins found in plasma
- normally, they circulate in blood in an inactive form
- activated by combining with foreign substances, such as parts of a bacterial cells
- activated by combining with antibodies
- once activation begins, a series of reactions results, in which complement protein activates the next
- once activated, certain complement proteins promote inflammation and phagocytosis and can directly lyse bacterial cells
COMPLEMENT
34
proteins that protect the body against viral infections
- produced when virus stimulate infected cells to produce interferons
- do not protect the cell that produces them
- bind to surface of neighboring cells, and stimulate them to produce antiviral proteins
- antiviral proteins prevent production of new viral nucleic acids and proteins
- some play a role in activating immune cells
INTERFERONS
35
most important cellular components of immunity
- produced in red bone marrow & lymphatic tissue
- released into the blood
- attracted by chemicals released from microorganisms or damaged tissues (complement, leukotrienes, kinins, histamine)
WBC
36
movement of WBC towards those chemicals
CHEMOTAXIS
37
ingestion & destruction of particles by cells called phagocytES
phagocytosis
38
small phagocytic cells
- first cells to enter infected tissues from blood in large numbers
- release chemical signals that increase inflammatory response by recruiting and activating other immune cells
- often die after phagocytizing single microorganism
neutrophil
39
monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissues, enlarge about fivefold
- dust cells (lungs), Kupffer cells (liver), microglia (CNS), Langerhan cells (skin)
- can ingest more and large items than neutrophils
- responsible for most of the phagocytic activity in late stages of infection
- cleans up dead neutrophils and other debris
- found in uninfected tissues to phagocytize mircroorganisms before they can replicate or cause damage; located at potential points
macrophage
40
monocytes and macrophages
| -phagocytes with a single, unlobed nucleus
MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM
41
derived from red bone marrow
| -motile, WBC that can leave the blood and enter infected tissues
basophil
42
derived from red bone marrow
- non-motile cells in CT, near capillaries
- like macrophages, located at potential points
mast cells
43
3. participate in inflammation associated with allergies and asthma
EOSINOPHILS –
44
type of lymphocyte produced in red bone marrow
- account for up to 15% of lymphocytes
- recognize classes of cells (tumor or virus-infected cells)
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
45
- process of releasing chemical mediators and attracting phagocytes and other WBC
- continues until bacteria are destroyed
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
46
inflammatory response confined to specific area of the body
LOCAL INFLAMMATION
47
inflammatory response generally distributed throughout the body
-also show the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation plus the ff:
SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION
48
substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses
ANTIGENS
49
2 GROUPS OF ANTIGENS
FOREIGN
| SELF-ANTIGEN
50
ANTIGENS introduced from outside the body
| -Ex: microorganisms
FOREIGN
51
– overreaction of the immune system
ALLERGIC RXN
52
– molecules the body produces to stimulate an immune system response
-response can be beneficial or harmful
SELF-ANTIGEN
53
– self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
54
2 Types of Adaptive Immunity
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED
| CELL-MEDIATED
55
lymphocytes
| produced in the blood, and trained in thymus
T cells
56
lymphocytes
| trained in bone marrow
B cells
57
*There are___ T cells for every ____ B cell.
5:1
58
small groups of identical B cells or T cells, formed during embryonic development
- derived from a single unique T cell or B cell
- each can respond to only a particular antigen
- response to self-antigen is suppressed because it could destroy the body’s own cells
- have identical antigen receptors
clones
59
For the adaptive response of B cells or T cells to be effective, the following must occur
1. Antigen recognition by lymphocytes
| 2. Proliferation of lymphocytes recognizing the antigen
60
– proteins of lymphocytes on their surface (B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors)
-binds only to a specific antigen
ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
61
glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens
| -serving trays that hold and present a processed antigen
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX(MHC) MOLECULES
62
MHC on membranes of most nucleated cells
• MHC CLASS I –
63
MHC on membranes of antigen-presenting cells, B cells, lymphocytes
MHC CLASSII
64
necessary to aid first signal in producing a response
| -can be achieved by CYTOKINES
COSTIMULATION
65
cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells
INTERLEUKIN - 1
66
glycoproteins of helper T Cells
- help connect helper T cells to macrophage by binding to MHC Class II molecules
- also bound by virus that causes AIDS
CD4
67
– glycoproteins of cytotoxic T cells
| -helps connect cytotoxic T cells to cells displaying MHC Class I molecules
CD8
68
TYPE OF IMMUNITY -effective against extracellular antigens because antibodies are in body fluids
ANTIBODY MEDIATED
69
proteins produced in response to an antigen
| -Y-shaped molecules consisting of 4 polypeptide chains: 2 identical heavy chains & 2 identical light chains
ANTIBODIES
70
-are sometimes called gamma globulins because they are mostly found in gamma globulin part of plasma
ANTIBODIES
71
-are sometimes called immunoglobulins because they globulins involved in immunity
ANTIBODIES
72
PART OF ANTIBODY
– end of each arm of the antibody
-part that combines with antigen
-join only with a particular antigen
VARIABLE REGION
73
PART OF ANTIBODY
rest of the antibody
-has several functions
CONSYTANT REGION
74
EFFECT OF ANTIBODIES
occur when a single antibody binds to an antigen and inactivates the antigen
-or when many antigens are bound together and are inactivated by many antibodies
DIRECT
75
EFFECT OF ANTIBODIES
– constant region of the antibody activates other mechanisms that destroy antigen, after antibody has attached to antigen via variable region
INDIREC
76
TYPE OF RESPONSE
– results from the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen
-3-14 days to produce enough antibodies to be effective against antigen
-in the meantime, disease symptoms develop
PRIMARY RESPONSE
77
responsible for secondary response
MEMORY B CELLS
78
occurs when immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response
- antigen is quickly destroyed, no disease symptoms, person is immune
- persist for many years
MEMORY RESPONSE
79
- if they are short-lived, there would be repeated infections of same disease (common colds)
- provides better protection because:
1. time required to start producing antibodies is less
2. more plasma cells and antibodies are produced
MEMORY RESPONSE
80
TYPE OF IMMUNITY
- function of cytotoxic T cells
- most effective against microorganisms that live inside the body cells (virus and some bacteria)
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
81
TYPE OF IMMUNITY
- when viruses infect cells, some viral proteins are broken down and become processed antigens combined with MHC Class I
- CT cells can distinguish infected cells because T-cell receptor can bind to MHC class I/viral antigen complex
- T cell receptor and complex signal for activating cytotoxic T cells
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
82
-responsible for cell-mediated response
2 Main Effects:
1. Release cytokines – activate additional components of immune system
2. CT cells can come in contact with other cells and kill them
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
83
TYPE OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
results from natural exposure to an antigen that stimulates IS to respond agains antigen
-individual develops symptoms of disease because individual is not immune during 1st exposure
ACTIVE NATURAL
84
TYPE OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
| antigen (vaccine) is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate the IS (vaccination)
• ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
85
TYPE OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
| – when antibodies are transferred from a mother to her child across the placenta before birth
PASSIVE NATURAL
86
TYPE OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
| vaccinating an animal, animal’s IS acquires
PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL
87
consists of a part of microorganism (dead or altered)
| -antigen has been changed so it will stimulate an immune response but will not call the disease symptoms
VACCINE
