excretory system

Question 1

– medial side

• where renal artery and nerve enter kidney
• where renal vein, ureter, lymphatic vessels exit kidney
• opens into the renal sinus

Answer 1

hilum

Question 2

contains blood vessels

-part of the system for collecting urine and adipose tissue

Answer 2

renal sinus

Question 3

– cone-shaped

-tip project toward the center

Answer 3

Renal Pyramids

Question 4

surrounds tip of renal pyramid

-calyces join to form renal pelvis

Answer 4

Calyx –

Question 5

functional unit of each kidney

-approx. 1.3 M for each kidney

Answer 5

nephron

Question 6

enlarged end of nephron, double-walled chamber

Answer 6

bowman’s capsul

Question 7

tuft of capillaries (ball of yarn)

Answer 7

glomerulus

Question 8

carry fluid from cortex through medulla

Answer 8

Collecting ducts –

Question 9

– (15%) have loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla

Answer 9

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 10

(85%) loops of Henle do not extend deep into the medulla

Answer 10

Cortical nephrons –

Question 11

parts of filtration membrane

Answer 11

 Endothelium of glomerular capillaries
 Podocytes
 Basement membrane

Question 12

Structures consisting of Simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 12

 Proximal convoluted tubules
 Thick segments of Loop of Henle
 Collecting ducts

Question 13

consists of microvilli and mitochondria that actively transport ion & molecules across the wall of nephron

Answer 13

Simple Cuboidal epithelium –

Question 14

Structures consisting of Simple Squamous

Answer 14

 Thin segments of the descending and ascending loop of henle

Question 15

– formed when the distal convoluted tubule come in contact with afferent arteriole
-certain cells secrete renin

Answer 15

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 16

movement of water, ions and small molecules through filtration membrane into Bowman’s capsule

Answer 16

A.FILTRATION –

Question 17

portion of plasma entering the nephron

-formation depends on filtration pressure (pressure gradient)

Answer 17

Filtrate -

Question 18

– blood pressure in the glomerular capillary

Answer 18

Glomerular capillary pressure

Question 19

– pressure of the filtrate already inside Bowman

Answer 19

Capsular Pressure

Question 20

– pressure within glomerular capillary
-Because most plasma proteins do not pass the filtration membrane, they produce an osmotic pressure that favors fluid movement into the glomerular capillary from Bowman’s capsule

Answer 20

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Question 21

– allows small solutes and water to readily pass but not blood cells and most proteins except for albumin
-thus filtrate contains no cells and little protein (albumin)

Answer 21

Filtration membrane

Question 22

– movement of substances from filtrate across nephron wall back into the blood of peritubular capillaries

Answer 22

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

Question 23

active transport of solutes across nephron walls into the filtrate
-can either be active or passive

Answer 23

C. TUBULAR SECRETION –

Question 24

– secreted by cells of juxtaglomerular apparatuses in kidneys

• acts on angiotensinogen to convert it into angiotensin I
• angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

Answer 24

renin

Question 25

– acts on the adrenal cortex, causing it to secrete aldosterone

Answer 25

angiotensin II

Question 26

– increases rate of active transport of Na in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

Answer 26

Aldosterone

Question 27

– secreted by posterior pituitary gland - passes through circulatory system to the kidneys - regulates amount of water reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts - release is regulated by hypothalamus - also influenced by baroreceptors (monitor BP) ↓BP, ↑ADH secretion

Answer 27

ADH

Question 28

– secreted from cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium of the heart

Answer 28

C. ATRIAL NATRIURETIC HORMONE

Question 29

– small tubes that carry urine from renal pelvis of kidney to posterior inferior portion of urinary bladder -transitional epithelium

Answer 29

Ureters

Question 30

hollow, muscular container in the pelvic cavity posterior to pubic symphysis -stores urine, thus its size depends on the quantity of urine present

Answer 30

ub

Question 31

– tube that carries urine from urinary bladder to the outside of the body - extends to the end of penis in males - female urethra: shorter and opens into the vestibule

Answer 31

Urethra

Question 32

– triangle-shaped portion of the urinarybladder located between the opening of the ureters and opening of urethra

Answer 32

Trigone

Question 33

contracts to keep semen from entering the UB during sexual intercourse

Answer 33

Internal urinary sphincter –

Question 34

– made of skeletal muscle that surrounds urethra as the urethra extends through the pelvic floor - under voluntary control - normally contracted as a result of stimulation somatic nervous system

Answer 34

External urinary sphincter

Question 35

activated by stretch of the urinary bladder wall - ↑urine volume in UB, ↑pressure, baroreceptors stimulated, AP conducted along parasympathetic nerves, UB contracts - an automatic reflex, but could be inhibited or stimulated by higher brain centers

Answer 35

MICTURITION REFLEX-

Question 36

– includes fluid inside all cells of the body - enclosed by cell membranes of individual cells - composition of fluid in all compartment and regulation of fluid movement are similar - hold 2/3 of all the water in the body

Answer 36

INTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT

Question 37

``` – all the fluid outside the cells • Interstitial fluid • Plasma within BV • Fluid in lymphatic vessels -has 1/3 of the total body water ```

Answer 37

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT

Question 38

– contain fluid with composition different from other extracellular fluid

Answer 38

Subcompartments

Question 39

fluid in subcompartments

Answer 39

* Aqueous humor * Vitreous humor * CSF * Synovial fluid * Serous fluid * Fluid secreted by glands * Renal filtrate * Bladder urine * Interstitial fluid * Plasma within BV * Fluid in lymphatic vessels

Question 40

compartment with ↑conc of ions such as K, Mg, PO4, SO4 - lower conc of Na, Ca, Cl, HCO3 - more protein than ECF

Answer 40

intracellular

Question 41

– major influence controlling the movement of water between intra and extracellular space

Answer 41

Osmosis

Question 42

*Total amount of water and ions in the body long termdoes not change unless individual is

Answer 42

growing, gaining or losing weight

Question 43

– the thirst center, controls water intake

Answer 43

hypothalamus

Question 44

Body fluid ph:

Answer 44

7.35 – 7.45

Question 45

chemicals that resist change in the ph of a solution when either acids or bases are added to the solution

Answer 45

buffer

Question 46

* Proteins * PO43- buffer system * HCO3- buffer system

Answer 46

3 Major Buffers in Body Fluids:

Question 47

powerful regulator of ph, but it responds more slowly than does the respiratory system -cells in the walls of DCT are primarily responsible for H+ secretion

Answer 47

KIDNEYS-

Question 48

occurs when blood ph falls below 7.35

Answer 48

ACIDOSIS –

Question 49

– when respiratory system is unable to eliminate adequate amounts of carbon dioxide

Answer 49

Respiratory acidosis

Question 50

excess production of acidic substances such as lactic acid and ketone bodies -caused by increased metabolism or decreased ability or urine to eliminate H in the urine

Answer 50

• Metabolic acidosis –

Question 51

– occurs when blood ph increases above 7.45 - major effect: hyperexcitability of nervous system - spasms and tetanic contractions, extreme nervousness, convulsions

Answer 51

ALKALOSIS

Question 52

alkalosis resulting from hyperventilation

Answer 52

respiratory alkalosis

Question 53

alkalosis caused by rapid elimination of H from body (during severe vomiting or excess aldosterone secretion)

Answer 53

• Metabolic alkalosis –