8.1 Kidney 1

Question 1

audible abdominal bruit

Answer 1

renal artery stenosis

Question 2

red blood cell casts

Answer 2

acute glomerulonephritis

Question 3

reduced serum complement titers

Answer 3

lupus nephritis

Question 4

elevated BUN

Answer 4

• renal disease
• GI hemorrhage
• shock
• tissue necrosis

Question 5

elevated creatinine

Answer 5

• renal disease
• muscle necrosis
• hypovolemia

Question 6

prerenal azotemia from

Answer 6

hypo perfusion of kidneys

Question 7

postrenal azotemia from

Answer 7

obstructed urine flow beyond level of kidney

Question 8

uremia

Answer 8

azotemia w/ metabolic & endocrine alterations

Question 9

acts as matrix for urinary casts

- produced where

Answer 9

• Tamm-Horsfall protein / THP / uromodulin

- thick ascending limb

Question 10

definition of nephrotic syndrome

- caused by

Answer 10

PROTEINURIA >3.5 g/day, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria

• incr permeability to albumin and other plasma proteins

Question 11

definition of nephritic syndrome

- caused by

Answer 11

HEMATURIA, proteinuria, elvated creatinine, HTN, edema

• loss of function from decr glomerular blood flow or salt retention

Question 12

defn of hematuria

Answer 12

> 5 RBC per high power field (40x)

Question 13

normal urine output

Answer 13

1-2 L /day

Question 14

defn of acute renal failure

Answer 14

• rapid deterioration of renal function

- oliguria or anuria with azotemia

Question 15

azotemia then uremia (gain metabolic or endocrine problems)

Answer 15

chronic renal failure

Question 16

positive nitrites, most likely what bac

Answer 16

E. coli

Question 17

test that detects whole or lysed WBCs in urine

Answer 17

leukocyte esterase

Question 18

seeing polymorphous RBCs, RBC casts, and/or erythrophagocytosis helps distinguish btwn

Answer 18

glomerular and non glomerular pattern

Question 19

white blood cell casts

Answer 19

allergic & infectious tubulointerstitial nephritis

Question 20

tubular casts

Answer 20

acute tubular necrosis

Question 21

granular casts

Answer 21

significant renal disease (acute tubular necrosis)

Question 22

waxy cast

Answer 22

renal disease

Question 23

fatty cast

Answer 23

nephrotic syndrome

Question 24

see maltese cross on polarized light

Answer 24

fatty cast, sugg of nephrotic syndrome

Question 25

type of crystal from ethylene glycol intoxication

Answer 25

calcium oxalate crystals

Question 26

needle-like, shocks of wheat crystals from

Answer 26

drugs - sulfadiazine (sulfa ATB) - amoxacillin (PCN ATB) - ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone ATB) - acyclovir (HSV antiviral)

Question 27

cystine crystals suggest

Answer 27

hereditary cystinuria

Question 28

lozenge shaped crystals

Answer 28

uric acid crystals

Question 29

amber crystals

Answer 29

uric acid stone disease

Question 30

envelope crystals

Answer 30

calcium oxalate crstals in ethylene glycol intoxication

Question 31

hexagonal crystals

Answer 31

cystine crystals

Question 32

calcium phosphate crystals suggests

Answer 32

normal or kidney stones

Question 33

test for renal perfusion

Answer 33

radionuclide scans

Question 34

test for bladder emptying

Answer 34

voiding cystourethrogram

Question 35

tests for urinary tract obstruction

Answer 35

pyelography (anterograde or retrograde)

Question 36

tests for medullary sponge kidney and papillary necrosis

Answer 36

intravenous pyelogram

Question 37

tests for polycystic kidney disease

Answer 37

ultrasound

Question 38

tests for kidney stones

Answer 38

plain film or CT

Question 39

tests for masses and mets

Answer 39

CT scan

Question 40

what is a PAS stain used to analyze

Answer 40

BM

Question 41

silver stain used to analyze

Answer 41

pattern of staining of BM

Question 42

trichrome stain used to analyze

Answer 42

deposits in glomeruli interstitial fibrosis

Question 43

3 things done after renal biopsy

Answer 43

light microscopy immunofluorescence microscopy transmission EM