PH Lecture 18

Question 0

What calculation is used for the basis of outbreak investigations?

Answer 0

Attack rate

Question 1

Tail in point source graph means

Answer 1

Variation in incubation period (exposure to clinical symptoms)

Secondary exposure (transmission)

Question 2

Equation for basic reproductive number

Answer 2

R0 = cpd

c = # contacts per unit time
p = probability of transmission with contact
d = duration of infectiousness

Question 3

If given a number for R0, what does that mean?

Answer 3

If R0 = 8, that means one person with a disease will transmit it to 8 other people (secondary infections) before recovering

Question 4

What is the secondary infection reproductive number symbol?

Answer 4

R1

Question 5

What does the basic reproductive number NOT tell us?

Answer 5

How long the infectious period is

Question 6

Basic reproductive rate if large number

Answer 6

Explosive / increases and decreases drastically

Question 7

Basic reproductive number less than 1

Answer 7

Dying out

Question 8

Why killing everyone with symptoms doesn’t kill off an epidemic

Answer 8

Infectious period occurs before symptomatic period

Question 9

Which is longer: latent or incubation period?

Answer 9

Incubation period

Question 10

What is the single most important intervention in control of infectious diseases?

Answer 10

Hand washing

Question 11

What worked and didn’t work in improving hand washing in the medical setting?

Answer 11

Waterless antiseptic hand rubs worked

Automated hand sinks didn’t work

Question 12

What distance is considered social distancing?

Answer 12

6 feet

Question 13

Quarantine based on

Answer 13

Exposure

Question 14

Isolation based on

Answer 14

Infection (targets symptomatic period)

Question 15

Absolute/complete vs modified quarantine

Answer 15

Absolute: healthy person quarantined

Modified: person exposed is quarantined

Question 16

Example of a quarantine in history

Answer 16

Plague - ships couldn’t dock

Question 17

Examples of isolation

Answer 17

Respiratory isolation (neg pressure room)

Enteric precautions (for diarrhea)

Question 18

What level of government is responsible for health?

Answer 18

State govt

Question 19

What federal govt agency takes care of the nation’s health and in what circumstance?

Answer 19

CDC

When involve more than 1 state

Question 20

What is a sentinel health event?

Answer 20

When you see one case, provokes you into looking into other cases

Ex: see someone with fever, might trigger you to look for more flu

Question 21

Paradox of public health effect

Answer 21

When $ is given when a public health effort isn’t succeeding, but taking away $ when it is

Question 22

Screening vs surveillance

Answer 22

Screening at individual level

Surveillance at population level

Question 23

Worst type of error for screening and surveillance

Answer 23

False negative

Question 24

What level of prevention is screening?

Answer 24

Secondary

Question 25

What level of prevention is surveillance?

Answer 25

Primary

Question 26

Would you want high sensitivity or specificity in surveillance?

Answer 26

High sensitivity (don't want false negatives)

Question 27

What is passive surveillance

Answer 27

Physician, lab report cases that aren't prompted by law

Question 28

Active surveillance

Answer 28

Passive plus try to increase reporting (call, incentives)

Question 29

When is active surveillance used?

Answer 29

During outbreaks

Question 30

Sentinel surveillance

Answer 30

Target active efforts in a randomly or intentionally selected subset of population

Question 31

Syndromic surveillance

Answer 31

Early reporting based on cluster of symptoms before confirmation

Question 32

Syndromic surveillance initially developed for

Answer 32

Disaster preparedness

Question 33

Advantage of using syndromic surveillance

Answer 33

Can alert problem earlier (4 days)

Question 34

National and state level - which is mandatory and which is voluntary for reporting diseases?

Answer 34

National - voluntary | State - mandatory

Question 35

International health regulations require mandatory declarations of what 3 diseases?

Answer 35

Cholera Plague Yellow fever

Question 36

Eradication - what is it - applies to what kind of diseases?

Answer 36

Permanent reduction to zero incidence Infectious diseases

Question 37

Elimination - what is it - applies to what kind of diseases?

Answer 37

Reducing a condition to lowest feasible levels Non communicable

Question 38

Only what kind of diseases are eradicable?

Answer 38

Communicable / infectious

Question 39

Which diseases have been eradicated?

Answer 39

Smallpox | Rinderpest

Question 40

Which eradication efforts have failed?

Answer 40

Yaws | Malaria

Question 41

What organization deals with disease eradication?

Answer 41

WHO

Question 42

Eradication requires a disease to be gone for how long?

Answer 42

2 years

Question 43

Why was the smallpox disease easy to eradicate?

Answer 43

Smallpox vaccine was Single dose Didn't need refrigeration Cheap Given to all age groups

Question 44

What is ring treatment?

Answer 44

Vaccinating everyone in a hotspot

Question 45

What disease has been partially eradicated?

Answer 45

Polio

Question 46

What two regions are hard to eradicate for polio and why?

Answer 46

Nigeria Afghanistan / Pakistan Suspicious of vaccinations

Question 47

What is a disease targeted by WHO for eradication, and what do you need to do to eradicate?

Answer 47

Dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease) | Filters (cheese cloths), larvicide

Question 48

What location will be hard to eradicate dracunculiasis?

Answer 48

South Sudan (unstable area)