USMLE First Aid Classic Findings Flashcards
Classic findings section from First Aid for the USMLE step I (276 cards)
0
Q
Addison’s disease
A
1° adrenocortical deficiency
1
Q
Actinic keratosis
A
Often precedes squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Albright’s syndrome
A
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls
3
Q
Albuminocytologic dissociation
A
Guillain-Barré (↑ protein in CSF with only modest ↑ in cell count)
4
Q
Alport’s syndrome
A
Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness
5
Q
Anti-basement membrane antibodies
A
Goodpasture’s syndrome
6
Q
Anticentromere antibodies
A
Scleroderma (CREST)
7
Q
Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies)
A
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
8
Q
Anti-epithelial cell antibodies
A
Pemphigus vulgaris
9
Q
Antigliadin antibodies
A
Celiac disease
10
Q
Antihistone antibodies
A
Drug-induced SLE
11
Q
Anti-IgG antibodies
A
Rheumatoid arthritis
12
Q
Antimitochondrial antibodies
A
1° biliary cirrhosis
13
Q
Antineutrophil antibodies
A
Vasculitis
14
Q
Antiplatelet antibodies
A
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
15
Q
Arachnodactyly
A
Marfan’s syndrome
16
Q
Argyll Robertson pupil
A
Neurosyphilis
17
Q
Arnold-Chiari malformation
A
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
18
Q
Aschoff bodies
A
Rheumatic fever
19
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
20
Q
Auer rods
A
Acute myelogenous leukemia (especially the promyelocytic type)
21
Q
Autosplenectomy
A
Sickle cell anemia
22
Q
Babinski’s sign
A
UMN lesion
23
Q
Baker’s cyst in popliteal fossa
A
Rheumatoid arthritis
24
"Bamboo spine" on x-ray
Ankylosing spondylitis
25
Bartter's syndrome
Hyperreninemia
26
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead poisoning
27
Becker's muscular dystrophy
Defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne's
28
Bell's palsy
LMN CN VII palsy
29
Bence Jones proteins
Multiple myeloma (kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine), Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (IgM)
30
Berger's disease
IgA nephropathy
31
Bernard-Soulier disease
Defect in platelet adhesion
32
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
Sarcoidosis
33
Birbeck granules on EM
Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
34
Bloody tap on LP
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
35
"Blue bloater"
Chronic bronchitis
36
Blue-domed cysts
Fibrocystic change of the breast
37
Blue sclera
Osteogenesis imperfecta
38
Boot-shaped heart on x-ray
Tetralogy of Fallot; RVH
39
Bouchard's nodes
Osteoarthritis (PIP swelling 2° to osteophytes)
40
Boutonnière deformity
Rheumatoid arthritis
41
Branching rods in oral infection
Actinomyces israelii
42
"Brown tumor" of bone
Hemorrhage causes brown color of osteolytic cysts: 1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease)
43
Brushfield's spots
Down syndrome
44
Bruton's disease
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
45
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Posthepatic venous thrombosis
46
Buerger's disease
Small/medium-artery vasculitis
47
Burkitt's lymphoma
8:14 translocation; associated with EBV
48
Burton's lines
Lead poisoning
49
C-ANCA, P-ANCA
Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa
50
Café-au-lait spots on skin
Neurofibromatosis
51
Caisson disease
Gas emboli
52
Calf pseudohypertrophy
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
53
Call-Exner bodies
Granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary
54
Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
Chagas' disease
55
Cerebriform nuclei
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)
56
Chagas' disease
Trypanosome infection
57
Chancre
1° syphilis (not painful)
58
Chancroid
Haemophilus ducreyi (painful)
59
Charcot's triad
Multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech), cholangitis (jaundice, RUQ pain, fever)
60
Charcot-Leyden crystals
Bronchial asthma (eosinophil membranes)
61
Chédiak-Higashi disease
Phagocyte deficiency
62
Cherry-red spot on macula
Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick disease, central retinal artery occlusion
63
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Central apnea in CHF and ↑ intracranial pressure
64
"Chocolate cysts"
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
65
Chronic atrophic gastritis
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma
66
Chvostek's sign
Hypocalcemia (facial muscle spasm upon tapping)
67
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of
DES exposure in utero
68
Clue cells
Gardnerella vaginitis
69
Codman's triangle on x-ray
Osteosarcoma
70
Cold agglutinins
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis
71
Cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
72
Condylomata lata
2° syphilis
73
Continuous machinery murmur
Patent ductus arteriosus
74
Cori's disease
Debranching enzyme deficiency
75
Cotton-wool spots
Chronic hypertension
76
Cough, conjunctivitis, coryza
Measles
77
Councilman bodies
Toxic or viral hepatitis
78
Cowdry type A bodies
Herpesvirus
79
Crescents in Bowman's capsule
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
80
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
81
Curling's ulcer
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
82
Currant-jelly sputum
Klebsiella
83
Curschmann's spirals
Bronchial asthma (whorled mucous plugs)
84
Cushing's ulcer
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
85
D-dimers
DIC
86
Depigmentation of neurons in
Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder--rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
87
Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
Pellagra (niacin, vitamin B3 deficiency)
88
Diabetes insipidus + exophthalmos +
Hand-Schüller-Christian disease
89
Dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
90
Donovan bodies
Granuloma inguinale
91
Dressler's syndrome
Post-MI fibrinous pericarditis
92
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
93
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Deleted dystrophin gene (X-linked recessive)
94
Eburnation
Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)
95
Edwards' syndrome
Trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet, low-set ears, heart disease
96
Eisenmenger's complex
Late cyanosis shunt (uncorrected L → R shunt becomes R → L shunt)
97
Elastic skin
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
98
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Superior trunk brachial plexus injury ("waiter's tip")
99
Erythema chronicum migrans
Lyme disease
100
Fanconi's syndrome
Proximal tubular reabsorption defect
101
"Fat, female, forty, and fertile"
Acute cholecystitis
102
Fatty liver
Alcoholism
103
Ferruginous bodies
Asbestosis
104
Gardner's syndrome
Colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors
105
Gaucher's disease
Glucocerebrosidase deficiency
106
Ghon focus
1° TB
107
Gilbert's syndrome
Benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
108
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
Defect in platelet aggregation
109
Goodpasture's syndrome
Autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular basement membrane proteins
110
Gowers' maneuver
Duchenne's (use of patient's arms to help legs pick self off the floor)
111
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Idiopathic polyneuritis
112
"Hair-on-end" appearance on x-ray
β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis)
113
Hand-Schüller-Christian disease
Chronic progressive histiocytosis
114
HbF
Thalassemia major
115
HbS
Sickle cell anemia
116
hCG elevated
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
117
Heberden's nodes
Osteoarthritis (DIP swelling 2° to osteophytes)
118
Heinz bodies
G6PD deficiency
119
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and URIs
120
Heterophil antibodies
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
121
High-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy)
Wet beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency)
122
HLA-B27
Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis
123
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (caused by autoimmune destruction of β cells)
124
Homer Wright rosettes
Neuroblastoma
125
Honeycomb lung on x-ray
Interstitial fibrosis
126
Horner's syndrome
Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis
127
Howell-Jolly bodies
Splenectomy (or nonfunctional spleen)
128
Huntington's disease
Caudate degeneration (autosomal dominant)
129
Hyperphagia + hypersexuality + hyperorality + hyperdocility
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (amygdala)
130
Hyperpigmentation of skin
1° adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)
131
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Macrocytic anemia
132
Hypertension + hypokalemia
Conn's syndrome
133
Hypochromic microcytosis
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning
134
Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
135
Increased uric acid levels
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, loop and thiazide diuretics
136
Intussusception
Adenovirus (causes hyperplasia of Peyer's patches)
137
Janeway lesions
Endocarditis
138
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Syphilis—overaggressive treatment of an asymptomatic patient that causes symptoms due to rapid lysis
139
Job's syndrome
Neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality
140
Kaposi's sarcoma
AIDS in MSM (men who have sex with men)
141
Kartagener's syndrome
Dynein defect
142
Kayser-Fleischer rings
Wilson's disease
143
Keratin pearls
Squamous cell carcinoma
144
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules
Diabetic nephropathy
145
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
Bilateral amygdala lesions
146
Koilocytes
HPV
147
Koplik spots
Measles
148
Krukenberg tumor
Gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases
149
Kussmaul hyperpnea
Diabetic ketoacidosis
150
Lens dislocation + aortic dissection + joint hyperflexibility
Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin deficit)
151
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
HGPRT deficiency
152
Lewy bodies
Parkinson's disease
153
Libman-Sacks disease
Endocarditis associated with SLE
154
Lines of Zahn
Arterial thrombus
155
Lisch nodules
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease)
156
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson's disease
157
Lucid interval
Epidural hematoma
158
"Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
159
Lytic bone lesions on x-ray
Multiple myeloma
160
Mallory bodies
Alcoholic liver disease
161
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Esophagogastric lacerations
162
McArdle's disease
Muscle phosphorylase deficiency
163
McBurney's sign
Appendicitis
164
MLF syndrome (INO)
Multiple sclerosis
165
Monoclonal antibody spike
Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG or IgA), MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), Waldenström's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia
166
Myxedema
Hypothyroidism
167
Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Wegener's and Goodpasture's (hemoptysis and glomerular disease)
168
Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
Gout
169
Negri bodies
Rabies
170
Nephritis + cataracts + hearing loss
Alport's syndrome
171
Neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer's disease
172
Niemann-Pick disease
Sphingomyelinase deficiency
173
No lactation postpartum
Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
174
Nutmeg liver
CHF
175
Occupational exposure to asbestos
Malignant mesothelioma
176
"Orphan Annie" nuclei
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
177
Osler's nodes
Endocarditis
178
Owl's eye
CMV
179
Painless jaundice
Pancreatic cancer (head)
180
Palpable purpura on legs and buttocks
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
181
Pancoast's tumor
Bronchogenic apical tumor associated with Horner's syndrome
182
Pannus
Rheumatoid arthritis
183
Parkinson's disease
Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion
184
Periosteal elevation on x-ray
Pyogenic osteomyelitis
185
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Benign polyposis
186
Peyronie's disease
Penile fibrosis
187
Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl )
CML (may sometimes be associated with AML)
188
Pick bodies
Pick's disease
189
Pick's disease
Progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's
190
"Pink puffer"
Emphysema (centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [α1-antitrypsin deficiency])
191
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia
192
Podagra
Gout (MP joint of hallux)
193
Podocyte fusion
Minimal change disease
194
Polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema
Dry beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency)
195
Polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection
Guillain-Barré syndrome
196
Pompe's disease
Lysosomal glucosidase deficiency associated with cardiomegaly
197
Port-wine stain
Hemangioma
198
Positive anterior "drawer sign"
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
199
Pott's disease
Vertebral tuberculosis
200
Pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement
Glioblastoma multiforme
201
Pseudorosettes
Ewing's sarcoma
202
Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
Horner's syndrome (Pancoast's tumor)
203
Rash on palms and soles
2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
204
Raynaud's syndrome
Recurrent vasospasm in extremities
205
RBC casts in urine
Acute glomerulonephritis
206
Recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections
Cystic fibrosis
207
Red urine in the morning
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
208
Reed-Sternberg cells
Hodgkin's lymphoma
209
Reid index (increased)
Chronic bronchitis
210
Reinke crystals
Leydig cell tumor
211
Reiter's syndrome
Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis
212
Renal cell carcinoma + cavernous hemangiomas + adenomas
von Hippel-Lindau disease
213
Renal epithelial casts in urine
Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
214
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
Pseudogout
215
Rib notching
Coarctation of aorta
216
Roth's spots in retina
Endocarditis
217
Rotor's syndrome
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
218
Rouleaux formation (RBCs)
Multiple myeloma
219
Russell bodies
Multiple myeloma
220
S3
Left-to-right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, LV failure (CHF)
221
S4
Aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
222
Schiller-Duval bodies
Yolk sac tumor
223
Senile plaques
Alzheimer's disease
224
Sézary syndrome
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
225
Sheehan's syndrome
Postpartum pituitary necrosis
226
Shwartzman reaction
Neisseria meningitidis
227
Signet-ring cells
Gastric carcinoma
228
Simian crease
Down syndrome
229
Sipple's syndrome
MEN type IIa
230
Sjögren's syndrome
Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
231
Skip lesions
Crohn's
232
Slapped cheeks
Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
233
Smith antigen
SLE
234
"Smudge cell"
CLL
235
Soap bubble on x-ray
Giant cell tumor of bone
236
Spike and dome on EM
Membranous glomerulonephritis
237
Spitz nevus
Benign juvenile melanoma
238
Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
Endocarditis
239
Starry-sky pattern
Burkitt's lymphoma
240
"Strawberry tongue"
Scarlet fever
241
Streaky ovaries
Turner's syndrome
242
String sign on x-ray
Crohn's disease
243
Subepithelial humps on EM
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
244
Suboccipital lymphadenopathy
Rubella
245
Sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
246
Swollen gums, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia
Scurvy (ascorbic acid, vitamin C deficiency)—vitamin C is necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
247
Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
Aortic valve stenosis
248
t(8;14)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
249
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid)
250
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
251
Tabes dorsalis
3° syphilis
252
Tendon xanthomas (classically Achilles)
Familial hypercholesterolemia
253
Thumb sign on lateral x-ray
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
254
Thyroidization of kidney
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
255
Tophi
Gout
256
"Tram-track" appearance on LM
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
257
Trousseau's sign
Visceral cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (migratory thrombophlebitis), hypocalcemia (carpal spasm)
258
Virchow's node
Left supraclavicular node enlargement from metastatic carcinoma of the stomach
259
Virchow's triad
Pulmonary embolism (triad = blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation)
260
von Recklinghausen's disease
Neurofibromatosis with café-au-lait spots
261
von Recklinghausen's disease of bone
Osteitis fibrosa cystica ("brown tumor")
262
Wallenberg's syndrome
PICA thrombosis
263
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia
264
Waxy casts
Chronic end-stage renal disease
265
WBC casts in urine
Acute pyelonephritis
266
WBCs in urine
Acute cystitis
267
Wermer's syndrome
MEN type I
268
Whipple's disease
Malabsorption syndrome caused by Tropheryma whippelii
269
Wilson's disease
Hepatolenticular degeneration
270
"Wire loop" appearance on LM
Lupus nephropathy
271
"Worst headache of my life"
Berry aneurysm—associated with adult polycystic kidney disease
272
Xanthochromia (CSF)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
273
Xerostomia + arthritis + keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Sjögren's syndrome
274
Zenker's diverticulum
Upper GI diverticulum
275
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with ulcers
