Histo Block 1

Question 0

Fibrocartilage can be what types of cartilage

Answer 0

1 & 2

Question 1

Cartilage is made up of what type of cartilage

Answer 1

Type 1

Question 2

Notochord is made of what type of cartilage

Answer 2

Type 2

Question 3

Fibrils are made up of what type of cartilage

Answer 3

Type 3

Question 4

Reticular lamina is made up of what type of cartilage

Answer 4

Type 3

Question 5

Genetic disorder of defective collagen fibril synthesis

Answer 5

Ehler’s Danlos syndrome

Question 6

Elastic fibers are produced by

Answer 6

Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes
Smooth muscle cells

Question 7

What does fibrillin do

Answer 7

Inactivated TGF-β

Question 8

What is fibronectin

Answer 8

ECM protein that binds collagen, heparin, and CAMs and mediated adhesion between cells and ECM

Question 9

Amyloidosis occurs most frequently in what layer of tissue

Answer 9

Basement membrane

Question 10

MMPs are activated where

Answer 10

Extracellular matrix

Question 11

Function of fibroblasts

Answer 11

Synthesize fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) and matrix components

Question 12

Most common glial tumor

Answer 12

Astrocytoma

Question 13

What myelin protein is in both CNS and PNS?

Answer 13

Myelin basic protein

Question 14

What myelin protein is in only the CNS?

Answer 14

Proteolipid protein

Question 15

What myelin protein is only in the PNS?

Answer 15

Melon protein zero

Question 16

What is adrenoleukodystrophy

Answer 16

Peroxisomal disorder that affects myelin

Question 17

Pelizaeus- Merzbacher

Answer 17

Mutated proteolipid protein gene leads to CNS myelin degeneration

Question 18

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 18

Autoimmune
Disrupted BBB
Demyelinating lesions in brain

Question 19

What are the two types of astrocytes and where are they found

Answer 19

Fibrous astrocytes - white matter

Protoplasmic astrocytes - gray matter

Question 20

Microglia are derived from

Answer 20

Monocytes

Question 21

Retrograde degeneration of a nerve is also called

Answer 21

Chromatolysis

Question 22

When do limb buds rotate

Answer 22

7 weeks

Question 23

2 types of cartilage growth

Answer 23

Interstitial (growth from within)

Appositional (growth on top)

Question 24

Interstitial growth

Answer 24

Chondroblasts multiply in lacunae and secrete matrix around lacunae

Question 25

Appositional growth

Answer 25

Perichondrium progenitors differentiate into chindroblasts which lay down cartilage matrix on top of existing cartilage

Question 26

Later growth of cartilage is mainly

Answer 26

Appositional growth

Question 27

Osteocyte functions

Answer 27

Bone maintenance | Calcium homeostasis

Question 28

What 3 things do osteoblasts produce that affect osteoclastgenesis

Answer 28

MCS-F - recruit monocyte stem cells, stimulate differentiation into osteoclast precursors RANKL - bind RANK on osteoclast precursor, which stimulates osteoclast maturation OPG (osteoprotegrin) - disguises as RANK, so if binds RANKL, inhibits osteoclast maturation

Question 29

Main lysosomal enzyme secreted by osteoclasts

Answer 29

Cathepsin K (degrades collagen and MMPs)

Question 30

2 types of bone development

Answer 30

Intramembranous (bone directly from osteoprogenitors) Endochondral (cartilage forms first as replaced by bone) - long bones

Question 31

Function of PTHrp

Answer 31

Stimulates chondrocyte proliferation Binds to receptors on chondrocytes

Question 32

Function of Ihp

Answer 32

``` Increase expression of PTHrp Delays hypertrophy Regulates periosteal collar formation Makes bones longer Defect leads go dwarfism ```

Question 33

Function of FGF

Answer 33

Inhibits cartilage growth | Mutation increases binding of FGF and leads to achondroplastic dwarfism

Question 34

What stimulates perichondrium angiogenesis

Answer 34

Hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete VEGF

Question 35

Disease characterized by: Loss of bone mass Fragile bones Caused by estrogen deficiency

Answer 35

Osteoporosis

Question 36

How does estrogen affect bone growth?

Answer 36

Estrogen normally stimulates apoptosis of osteoclasts Low estrogen means more osteoclasts, and osteoblasts can't keep up

Question 37

Disease characterized by: Large bones prone to fracture Osteoblasts compensate for increased osteoclast activity (rapid laying down of bone)

Answer 37

Paget's disease

Question 38

Disease characterized by: Degenerating articular cartilage Secondary inflammation

Answer 38

Osteoarthritis

Question 39

Disease characterized by: Inflammation of joint / synovial membrane Synovial membrane folds into pannus Pannus secretes MMPs, collagenase, NO, PGs, which destroy articular cartilage and bone

Answer 39

Rheumatoid arthritis