Human Function 6 - Goodman Flashcards
(35 cards)
Disadvantages of multicellular organisms over unicellular organisms
Specialized cells need
1) support (GI, lungs, heart, renal)
2) constant environment / homeostasis
Advantages of multicellular organisms over unicellular organisms
- size
- complex behaviors
- adapt
- sexual reproduction
What messengers do paracrine cells make?
Peptides
Small molecules
How do paracrine cells secrete their messengers?
Diffusion (if lipophilic)
Exocytosis (if hydrophilic)
Ways to alter transduction of signal from producer to responder
1) open/close channels - rapid response
2) increase/decrease enzyme activity - moderately fast
3) induce or repress genes - slow
Time frame of nervous system vs endocrine system
NS: rapid
ES: slow
Sites of action for nervous system vs endocrine system
NS local
ES diffuse
Specificity of nervous system vs endocrine system
NS wiring (neurons) ES receptors
What parts of the body use both nervous system and endocrine system?
Adrenal medulla
Hypothalamus-pituitary
Parts of neuron and their functions
Dendrites - input
Cell body - integration
Axon - transmission
Terminal - output
Are neurotransmitters hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic - so they need to be secreted in vesicles because they can’t pass through the membrane
Steps in sending neuronal signals
1) action potential
2) depolarization
3) open Ca2+ channels
4) increase levels of Ca2+
5) Exocytosis of neurotransmitter
Types of signal molecules in NS
1) classical neurotransmitters (ACh, NE, E)
2) neuropeptides
3) NO
Neuron terminology
Based on neurotransmitter
- cholinergic or noradrenergic neurons
Receptor terminology
By neurotransmitter and receptor subtype
- cholinergic nicotinic, cholinergic muscarinic, etc
Parts of peripheral nervous system
1) sensory system
2) somatic motor system - skeletal muscle
3) autonomic motor system - internal movement
Characteristics of somatic motor system
- 1 synapse
- voluntary
- excitatory only
- required for activity
- all or none response
Characteristics of autonomic motor system
- 2 synapses (preganglionic and postganglionic)
- involuntary
- excitatory or inhibitory
- modulate ongoing activity
- graded response
Somatic motor system affects …
Skeletal muscle
Autonomic motor system affects…
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
- glands
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
1) enteric (GI)
2) sympathetic
3) parasympathetic
Sympathetic: cell bodies in…?
Thoracic and lumbar divisions of spinal cord
Parasympathetic: cell bodies in…?
Brainstem& sacral portion of spinal cord
What division of the autonomic NS involves ganglia near the spinal cord?
Sympathetic NS
