Human Function 1

Question 0

4 biomolecules and their polymers

Answer 0

1) amino acids –> proteins
2) sugars –> carbohydrates
3) fatty acids
4) nucleotides –> nucleic acids

Question 1

Characteristics of living organisms

Answer 1

1) complex & dynamic
2) organized and self sustaining
3) cellular
4) information based
5) able to adapt and evolve
6) robust

Question 2

Humans can break what type of saccharide polymer?

Answer 2

α1,4 and 1,6 linkages (not beta 1,4)

Question 3

Cholesterol structure

Answer 3

OH, 4 rings, hydrocarbon

Question 4

Cholesterol can make…

Answer 4

Hormones, bile salts, vitamin D

Question 5

Functions of metabolism

Answer 5

1) make biomolecules
2) transportation across cell membrane
3) force and movement
4) remove waste
5) get energy from nutrients

Question 6

Difference between free energy and standard free energy

Answer 6

Standard free energy is a constant with T=25C, 1 M reactants, pH 7; free energy not a constant and depends on many factors

Question 7

Water prevalence and roles

Answer 7

Water suspends cells

We lose water constantly

Question 8

pKa acidity rules

Answer 8

Lower pKa means more acidic, less attracted to H+, and better proton donor

Question 9

When pH < pKa, which form (Protonated/deprotinated) predominates?

Answer 9

Protonated form dominates

Question 10

Phosphoric acid pKa near physiologic pH

Answer 10

6.86

Question 11

Blood bicarbonate pKa

Answer 11

6.1

Question 12

Normal CO2 measurements in blood bicarbonate system

Answer 12

Aqueous (non volatile) 1.2 mM
Gas in alveoli (volatile) 40 torr
Gas in atm 1 torr

Question 13

Breathing more does what to pH?

Answer 13

Breathing more = less CO2 = less acid = higher pH

Question 14

Amino acids can be in 2 _______ forms

Answer 14

Enantioneric

Question 15

4 categories of amino acids

Answer 15

Neutral nonpolar
Neutral polar
Charged acidic
Charged basic

Question 16

What makes peptide bond formation unfavorable?

Answer 16

A lot of H2O (promote hydrolysis of peptide bond)

Question 17

How to promote formation of peptide bond (unfavorable)

Answer 17

Use ATP

Question 18

Why peptide bond is rigid and planar

Answer 18

Partial double bond between carbonyl C and N

Question 19

Dihedral angles

Answer 19

Describe angles of planes

Question 20

Where in cell do disulfide bonds form and get broken?

Answer 20

Broken in cytosol (reducing environment)

Forms in ER (oxidizing environment)

Question 21

Permanent post translational modification

Answer 21

Hydroxyl action

Question 22

Reversible post translational modification

Answer 22

Phosphorylation

Question 23

pKa of carboxylic acid in amino acid

Answer 23

2

Question 24

pKa of amine in amino acid

Answer 24

9

Question 25

pKa of His

Answer 25

6

Question 26

pKa of lys

Answer 26

11

Question 27

pKa of arg

Answer 27

12.5

Question 28

pKa of asp and glu

Answer 28

4